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Unit 2: Random Info > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What derives from the septum transversum?

A

central tendon of diaphragm

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2
Q

What derives from the pleuroperitoneal membrane?

A

body of diaphragm

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3
Q

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias are most common on ____ side and prevent proper development of ____.

A

left / lungs

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4
Q

During week 3, ____ forms between the splanchnic and somatic lateral plate mesoderm.

A

intraembryonic coloem

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5
Q

____ allow communication between the developing thorax and abdomen.

A

pericardioperitoneal folds

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6
Q

During week 3, vasculogenic cells cluster around the cranial portion of trilaminar disc to form the ____.

A

endocardial tube

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7
Q

Fused portion of the endocardial tube forms the ____.

A

primitive heart tube

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8
Q

Unfused ends of the endocardial tube form the ____.

A

aortic arch arteries

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9
Q

During cardiac looping, ventricles curve ____ and ____, while atria moves ____ behind the great vessels.

A

caudal & ventral / upward

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10
Q

____ is a ventral outpocketing of the foregut.

A

respiratory diverticulum

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11
Q

____ closes the respiratory diverticulum off from the esophagus below the level of the larynx.

A

tracheoesophageal septum

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12
Q

Lung bud branches into primary branches- ____, secondary branches- ____, and tertiary branches- ____.

A

R & L lungs / lobes / segments

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13
Q

The 4 stages of lung development are ____, ____, ____, and ____.

A

pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac, and alveolar

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14
Q

Functional alveoli first appear in the ____ stage of lung development.

A

terminal sac

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15
Q

____ bypasses pulmonary circulation in the fetus; between the R & L atria. Becomes the ____ after birth.

A

foramen ovale / fossa ovalis

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16
Q

____ bypasses pulmonary circulation in the fetus; between the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Becomes the ____ after birth.

A

ductus arteriosus / ligamentum arteriosum

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17
Q

____ bypasses the hepatic portal system in the fetus; between the umbilical vein and IVC. Becomes the ____ after birth.

A

ductus venosus / ligamentum venosum

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18
Q

____ bypasses the hepatic portal system in the fetus; between the placenta and ductus venosus. Becomes the ____ after birth.

A

umbilical vein / round ligament

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19
Q

____ delivers depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. Becomes the ____ after birth.

A

umbilical arteries / medial umbilical ligaments

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20
Q

During week 3/4, folding incorportates the endoderm-lined gut tube into the embryo and creates mesenteries within the ____ that lines it.

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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21
Q

The ____ and ____ support structures supplied by the celiac trunk.

A

dorsal mesogastrium / mesoduodenum

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22
Q

The ____ supports structures supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

A

mesentery proper

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23
Q

The ____ supports structures supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery.

A

mesocolon

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24
Q

The ____ gives rise to the greater omentum. Meanwhile the ventral portion also gives rise to the ____.

A

dorsal mesogastrium / lesser omentum

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25
Q

Foregut starts caudal to diaphragm and rotates to the ____ and ____ to produce the curvatures of the stomach.

A

right / cranially

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26
Q

Distal foregut gives rise to the proximal 1/3 of the ____.

A

duodenum

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27
Q

____ is a ventral outpocketing of the duodenum into the ventral mesogastrium, and gives rise to the ____.

A

hepatic diverticulum / liver

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28
Q

____ and ____ also arise from the hepatic diverticulum.

A

gall bladder / bile ducts

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29
Q

Two ____ buds arise from the duodenum into the dorsal and ventral mesoduodenum.

A

pancreatic

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30
Q

During stomach rotation, ____ fuse and one ____ degrades.

A

pancreatic buds / pancreatic duct

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31
Q

Midgut gives rise to the distal 2/3 ____, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, asending colon, and 2/3 ____.

A

duodenum / transverse colon

32
Q

Distal tip of midgut loop is still attached to the yolk sac by the ____.

A

vitelline duct

33
Q

Midgut loop ____ into the umbilical cord as it elongates and rotates.

A

herniates

34
Q

Small intestine bulges to the ____ and retracts as ____ arches over the top.

A

right / large intestine

35
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum is an incomplete degradation of the ____, which can gain pancreatic properties and breakdown the wall of the ileum allowing leakage.

A

vitelline duct

36
Q

____ is a condition not compatible with life, in which the gut tube never retracts, preventing the body wall from closing.

A

omcephalocele

37
Q

Hindgut gives rise to the distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon, and the ____.

A

cloaca

38
Q

Ectodermal thickening and invagination opens hindgut to form the ____.

A

anal canal

39
Q

____ demarcates the line between endoderm and ectoderm within the rectum.

A

pectinate line

40
Q

Hirschsprung disease is due to a defect in ____, in which parasympathetic ganglia don’t form within the colon and it lacks coordinated ____.

A

neural crest cells / peristalsis

41
Q

During week 3 pre-folding, the ____ develops as a diverticulum of the endoderm from the yolk sac.

A

allantois

42
Q

The allantois serves to store ___ beyond the capacity of the nephric system, but is not extensively developed in humans.

A

urine

43
Q

After birth the allantois remains in the ____ umbilical ligament as the ____.

A

median / urecus

44
Q

During week 3/4, folding leaves the ____ unincorporated in the embryo.

A

intermediate mesoderm

45
Q

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the primary retroperitoneal structures: ____, ____, and ____.

A

kidneys, urogenital ductal structures, and gonads

46
Q

____ and ____ ridges make up the urogenital ridge within the intermediate mesoderm.

A

nephrogenic / genital

47
Q

3 sets of kidneys develop from the nephrogenic ridge: ____, ____, and ____.

A

pronephros / mesonephros / metanephros

48
Q

The ____ kidneys are never functional, but their ducts play an important inductive role in the development of the next sets of kidneys.

A

pronephric

49
Q

The ____ kidneys become functional around week 5. They filter blood, make urine, and drain it through the ____ to the ____.

A

mesonephric / mesonephric ducts / cloaca

50
Q

The ____ kidneys are the final set of kidneys formed. The are functional around week ____.

A

metanephric / 9-10

51
Q

The metanephric kidneys develop as 2 components: ____ and ____.

A

ureteric bud / metanephric blastema

52
Q

The ureteric bud gives rise to the ____ structures of the neprhic system.

A

ductal

53
Q

The metanephric blastema gives rise to the ____ of the kidneys.

A

nephrons

54
Q

____ between the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema allows both to grow and differentiate.

A

reciprocal induction

55
Q

Lack of pronephric ducts causes ____, a condition not compatible with life.

A

renal agenesis

56
Q

The genital ridge is the ____ part of the intermediate mesoderm.

A

medial

57
Q

Up until week 6, the embryo has bipotential ductal structures, the ____ and the ____.

A

Mesonephric duct / Mullerian duct

58
Q

The genital ridge gives rise to two types of cells: ____ and ____.

A

cord cells / mesenchyme

59
Q

In males, the cord cells differentiate into ____, which produce ____.

A

Sertoli cells / MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor)

60
Q

In males, the mesenchyme differentiates into ____, which produce ____.

A

Leydig cells / testosterone

61
Q

The high levels of testosterone in males allows repurposing of the mesonephric ducts to become the ____.

A

Wollfian duct

62
Q

The production of MIF by the Sertoli cells in males, promotes degradation of the ____ through apoptosis.

A

Mullerian ducts

63
Q

In females, cord cells differentiate into ____.

A

follicular cells

64
Q

In females, mesenchyme differentiates into ____.

A

stromal cells of the ovary

65
Q

In females, the ____ degrade since there is no testosterone present.

A

mesonephric ducts

66
Q

The caudal mullerian ducts fuse to form the ____. While the unfused cranial portion forms the ____.

A

uterus / fallopian tubes

67
Q

The uterus contacts the dorsal side of the ____, which grows towards the uterus and canalizes to form the vagina.

A

urogenital sinus

68
Q

The distal 2/3 of the vagina is ___, while the proximal 1/3 iis ____.

A

endoderm / mesoderm

69
Q

The cloaca divides into the ____ and ____ spaces.

A

ventral (urogenital) / dorsal (rectal)

70
Q

As the bladder grows, the caudal ____ are incorporated into the wall to become the trigone.

A

mesonephric ducts

71
Q

The ____ is an outgrowth of the mesoderrm in the genital region, covered by ectoderm, and lined beneath by a layer of endoderm called the ____.

A

genital tubercle / urethral plate

72
Q

The ____ folds develop lateral to the genital tubercle, while the ____ folds are even lateral to that.

A

urogenital / labioscrotal

73
Q

In males, the genital tubercle elongates to form the ____, and the ____ grow down and fuse around it to incorporate the ____ inside as a canal

A

glans of the penis / urogenital folds / urethra

74
Q

In males, the ____ grow down and fuse to form the scrotum.

A

labioscrotal folds

75
Q

In females, the genital tubercle becomes the ____.

A

glans of the clitoris

76
Q

In females, the ____ become the labia minora, while the ____ become the labia majora.

A

urogenital folds / labioscrotal folds

77
Q

In females, the urethral plate becomes the ____.

A

vestibule

Unit 2: Random Info (4 decks)

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