Embryology

Question 1

truncus arteriosus

Answer 1

pulmonary truck

ascending aorta

Question 2

bulbus cordis

Answer 2

smooth parts of LV (aortic vestibule) and RV (infundibulum, conus arteriosus)

Question 3

primitive atrium

Answer 3

trabeculated part of both atria

Question 4

primitive ventricle

Answer 4

trabeculated part of both ventricles

Question 5

primitive pulmonary vein

Answer 5

smooth part of left atrium

Question 6

left horn of sinus venosus

Answer 6

coronary sinus

Question 7

right horn of sinus venosus

Answer 7

smooth part of right atrium

Question 8

right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Answer 8

superior vena cavae

Question 9

when does heart first beat spontaneously

Answer 9

4th week

Question 10

Karteneger SYndrome

Answer 10

primary cilia dyskinesia
left right dyneine defect
1) dextrocardia
2) recurrent sinusitis
3) bronchiectasis
4) infertility

Question 11

describe growth of septum primum

Answer 11

grows toward the endocardial cushion narrowing the foramen primum

Question 12

how does foramen septum develop?

Answer 12

apoptosis in the septum primum

Question 13

foreamen ovale = ?

Answer 13

septum secundum expands and covers most of the foramen secundum - residual foramen is the foramen ovale

Question 14

how does atrial septum form?

Answer 14

fusion of the septum secundum and septum primum

Question 15

patent foramen ovale

Answer 15

caused by failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth; most are left untreated

can lead to paradoxical emboli - venous thromboembolie that enter systemic arterial circulation (similar to those seen in ASD)

Question 16

what makes the membranous septum of the interventricular septum?

Answer 16

endocardial cushion and aorticopulmonary septum

Question 17

endocardial cushion = which parts of the interventricular septum,?

Answer 17

membraouns and muscular

Question 18

what part fo the interventricular septum does the VSD most normally happen in?

Answer 18

membranous (aorticopulmonary septum and endocardial cushion)

Question 19

describe how the outflow tract forms?

Answer 19

the truncus arteriosus rotates – neural creast and endocardial cell migations – truncal and bulbar ridges spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum – ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 20

list the conotruncal abnormalities

Answer 20

transposition of great vessels
tetralogy of fallot
persistent tuncus arterosus

Question 21

aortic/pulmonary valves =?

Answer 21

endocardial cushions of outflow trach

Question 22

mitral/tricuspid valves = ?

Answer 22

fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal

Question 23

Describe the Ebstein Anomaly

Answer 23

displaced valvular abnormality

septal and posterior leaflets of the tricupsif valve are displaced towards the apex of the RV of the heart - small RV, large RA commonly with a small ASD

associated with Lithium exposure in utero

Question 24

yolk sac erythropoiesis

Answer 24

3-8 weeks

Question 25

liver erythropoiesis

Answer 25

6 weeks to birth

Question 26

spleen eryhtropoiesis

Answer 26

10 weeks to 28 weeks

Question 27

bone marrow erythropoiesis

Answer 27

18 weeks to adulthood

Question 28

How can O2 transfer from mom to baby?!?!

Answer 28

HbF = a2gamma2 has less 2.3 bpg therefore has a highter affinity for O2 (right shift) allowing it to exgtract O2 form maternal blood that has HbA1 with alpha2beta2 configuration

Question 29

List the three shunts in fetal circulation.

Answer 29

1) ductus venosus - blood from umbilical vein to IVC skipping hepatic circulation 2) foramen ovale - O2 blood from O2 enters RA and goes to LA - LV - head and body 3) ductus arteriosus - from pulmonary trunk to descending aorta so that de O2 blood entering the RA from the SVC goes oto the RV - pulmonary circulation (ish) and out.

Question 30

describe the changes that occur in circulation after birth

Answer 30

baby takes breath decreases resistance in pulmonary circulation foreamen ovale closes increased O2 tension in pulm;onary trunk and decrease PG close the ductus arteriosuss

Question 31

allantois/urachus

Answer 31

mediaN umbilical ligament

Question 32

ductus arteriosus

Answer 32

ligamentum arteriosum - landmark to isolate aorta dn pulm trunk in surgery

Question 33

ductus venosus

Answer 33

ligamentum venosum

Question 34

foramen ovale

Answer 34

fossa ovalis

Question 35

notochord

Answer 35

nucleus pulposus

Question 36

umbilical arteries

Answer 36

medial umbilical ligaments

Question 37

umbilical veins

Answer 37

ligament teres hepatis (contained in the faciform ligament)