Embryology

Question 1

Basal plate becomes what type of fibers?

Answer 1

Motor fibers (ventral)

Question 2

Alar Plate becomes what type of fibers?

Answer 2

Sensory Fibers (dorsal)

Question 3

Name the 3 primary vessicles of the developing brain

Answer 3

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencehpalon (hindbrain)

Question 4

What secondary ventricles arise from the:

Prosencephalon

Answer 4

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Question 5

What secondary ventricles arise from the:

Mesencephalon

Answer 5

Mesencephalon

Question 6

What secondary ventricles arise from the:

Rhombencephalon

Answer 6

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Question 7

What are the adult derivatives of the:

Telencephalon

Answer 7

Walls:
Cerebral hemispheres

Cavities:
Lateral ventricles

Question 8

What are the adult derivatives of the:

Diencephalon

Answer 8

Walls:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Cavities:
Third Ventricle

Question 9

What are the adult derivatives of the:

Mesencephalon

Answer 9

Walls:
Midbrain

Cavities:
Cerebral aqueduct

Question 10

What are the adult derivatives of the:

Metencephalon

Answer 10

Walls:
Pons
Cerebellum

Cavities:
Upper part of the fourth ventricle

Question 11

What are the adult derivatives of the:

Myelencephalon

Answer 11

Walls:
Medulla

Cavities:
Lower part of the fourth ventricle

Question 12

Name the derivatives of the foregut

Answer 12

Esophagus to upper duodenum

Question 13

Name the derivatives of the midgut

Answer 13

Lower duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Question 14

Name the derivatives of the hindgut

Answer 14

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line

Question 15

Name the structures which arise from: (2)

Truncus arteriosus

Answer 15

Ascending Aorta

Pulmonary Trunk

Question 16

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Bulbus Cordis

Answer 16

Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

Question 17

Name the structures which arise from: (4)

Endocardial Cushion

Answer 17

Atrial septum
Membranous interventricular septum
AV valves
Semilunar valves

Question 18

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Primitive Atrium

Answer 18

Trabeculated part of left and right atria

Question 19

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Primitive Ventricle

Answer 19

Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles

Question 20

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Primitive pulmonary Vein

Answer 20

Smooth part of left atrium

Question 21

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Left horn of sinus venosus

Answer 21

Coronary sinus

Question 22

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Right horn of sinus venosus

Answer 22

Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)

Question 23

Name the structures which arise from: (1)

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Answer 23

Superior vena Cava

Question 24

What is the Pronephros and when is it present?

Answer 24

Part of early kidney system

Present week 4 and then degenerates

Question 25

What is the Mesonephros and when is it present?

Answer 25

Functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester | later contributes to male genital system

Question 26

What is the Metanephros and when is it present?

Answer 26

Permanent kidney | First appears in the 5th week of gestation with nephrogenesis continuing through weeks 32-36

Question 27

What is the Uteric bud/ what does it form?

Answer 27

Derived from caudal end of mesonepric duct Gives rise to ureter, pelvises, calyces, and collecting ducts Induces differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme Fully canalized by week 10

Question 28

What is the Metanephric mesenchyme/ what does it form?

Answer 28

Differentiation induced by the uteric bud | forms glomerulus through to the distal convoluted tubule

Question 29

What is the last part of the kidney system to canalyze

Answer 29

Ureteropelvic junction as such most common site of obstruction (may be detected on prenatal ultrasound as hydronephrosis)

Question 30

What is the embryological pathology behind a duplex collecting system in the kidney

Answer 30

Bifurcation of the ureteric bud before it enters the metanephric blastema creating a y shaped bifid ureter (or through two ureteric buds reaching and interacting with blastema) strongly assoc with vesicoureteral reflux and or ureteral obstruction (Inc UTI risk)

Question 31

What is the embryological pathology behind Unilateral renal agenisis

Answer 31

Ureteric bud fails to develop and induce differentiation of | metanephric mesenchyme leading to complete absence of kidney and ureter

Question 32

What is the embryological pathology behind Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Answer 32

Ureteric bud fails to induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme leads to nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue. Predominantly nonhereditary and usually unilateral; bilateral leads to Potter sequence.

Question 33

What is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants

Answer 33

Posterior urethral valves due to membrane remnant in the posterior urethra

Question 34

What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm at: | T8

Answer 34

IVC | Right Phrenic Nerve

Question 35

What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm at: | T10

Answer 35

Esophagus | Vagus (2 trunks)

Question 36

What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm at: | T12

Answer 36

Aorta Thoracic duct Azygous vein

Question 37

Name the location at which the following structures bifurcate: Common Carotid Trachea Abdominal Aorta

Answer 37

Common Carotid: C4 Trachea: T4 Abdominal Aorta: L4

Question 38

In the event of a tension pneumothorax where should the needle be placed?

Answer 38

Between ribs 2 and 3 at the midclavicular line