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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What two cells are required for zygote formation?

A

“Activated” sperm and secondary oocyte

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2
Q

What happens during cleavage of a zygote? What is the resulting name of a multicellular zygote with an inner cell mass and outer cell mass?

A

Cells in the zygote proliferate but the zygote does not expand volume

Morula is the result

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3
Q

What two differentiated cell types arise from zygote proliferation? What is the cavity that forms? What is this new cell called?

A
  • Trophoblast and Embryoblast
  • Blastocoele
  • Blastocyte
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4
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass as it further differentiates (right after the blastocoele is formed)?

A

A cavity forms inside the ICM (amniotic cavity)

Another layer of differentiation forms: embryoblast turns into the epiblast and hypoblast

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5
Q

What two cells types does the trophoblast turn into?

A

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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6
Q

What two sacs are formed from the embryoblast?

A

Amniotic sac (inside the “inner cell mass” space)

Yolk Sac (surrounded by hypoblast cells)

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7
Q

What does the cytotrophoblast do?

A

Defends embryo against maternal immune response

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8
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast do?

A

Expands into the endometrium to gather nutrients and starts to form a vascular network to supply the embryo

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9
Q

What is the cell type that determines ventral orientation? Dorsal?

A

Ventral = hypoblast

Dorsal = epiblast

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10
Q

What is a differentiation of the hypoblast that clumps together and forms cranial/caudal distinction?

A

AVE (anterior visceral endoderm)

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11
Q

What is the covering of the gap in the endometrial epithelium that prevents blood loss from the embedded embryo? What can disruption of this formation result in?

A

Fibrin coagulum

Blood loss through vaginal canal, mistaken period

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12
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm derive from? What do the cavities that form in it result in?

A

Trophoblast and hypoblast cells; chorionic cavity

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13
Q

What is another name for the extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm?

A

Chorionic plate

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14
Q

What are all the cell types that arise from the epiblast?

A

Extraembryonic ectoderm (amnioblast)

Embryonic germ layers

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15
Q

What are all the cell types that arise from the hypoblast?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm (somatic and splanchic)

Extraembryonic Endoderm

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16
Q

What are all the cell types that arise from the trophoblast?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast; cytotrophoblast

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17
Q

What weeks present the biggest potential for birth defects?

A

3-8 (with week 5 being the highest risk)

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18
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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19
Q

What are the early differentiations of the ectoderm?

A

Surface ectoderm, neural ectoderm

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20
Q

What does the neural ectoderm diff into?

A

Neural tube and neural crest

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21
Q

What tissue type does the surface ectoderm differentiate into?

A

Lining and secretory epithelium (epidermis, oral, nasal, distal anal mucosa)

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22
Q

What tissues are formed from the neural tube?

A

CNS

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23
Q

What tissues are formed from the neural crest?

A

Nervous (PNS)

Non-nervous (facial bones, melanocytes, face and ant neck dermis, iris/ciliary smooth muscle, etc)

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24
Q

What are the early differentiations of the mesoderm?

A

Paraxial, intermediate meso, lateral plate (somatic and splanchic meso)

25
Q

What are the tissues that result from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Connective (proper and supportive), skeletal muscle

26
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the paraxial mesoderm?

A

CT Proper: dermis of back, tendons and ligs of axial skeleton (vert and rib)

Support CT: axial skeleton bones and cart

Skeletal Muscle: trunk, limbs, head

27
Q

What are the tissues that result from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Surface and glandular epithelium

Smooth muscle

CT proper

28
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the intermediate meso?

A

Sec/Gland epithelium: lining of excretory and collecting epi of kidney and ureter; GI tract lining

Smooth muscle: GU smooth muscle

CT proper: GU connective tissue proper

29
Q

What are the tissues that result from the lateral plate?

A

Epithelial: meso and edothelium

Cardiac and smooth muscle

CT: proper, support, fluid

30
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the lateral plate?

A

Mesothelium: parietal and visceral serous lining of body cavities

Endothel: lining of blood/lymph vessels & cardiac chambers

Myocardium

Smooth musc: blood vessels, resp and GI tract walls; erector pili of skin

CT Proper: CT of GI and resp tract, dermis of anterolateral trunk & appendages

CT support: appendicular bones and cart; sternum

Fluid CT: hemopoietic stem cells to form fluid CT

31
Q

What are the tissues that result from the endoderm (Lining of primitive gut tube and allantois)?

A

Lining and secretory epithelium

32
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the endoderm?

A

GI and resp tract lining, bladder and urethra lining

Parenchymal cells of lungs and accessory digestive glands

Endocrine glands (except adrenal)

33
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The formation of the trilaminar germ layers

34
Q

T or F: Gastrulation, neurolation, etc happen chronologically.

A

False; there is a large degree of overlap in embryonic development

35
Q

What does the development of the primitive streak activate?

A

Gastrulation

36
Q

What do the first epiblast cells that invade through the primitive streak become? How?

A

Endoderm; replace hypoblast cells

37
Q

Where is the mesoderm on the embryonic disc? Ectoderm?

A

Middle set of cells

Original remaining epiblast cells

38
Q

What are the three germ layers derived from?

A

Epiblast cells

39
Q

What germ cells go through primitive streak and node?

A

Meso and endoderm

40
Q

Location of passing through the primitive streak determines what?

A

What kind of endo/mesoderm the cells become

41
Q

What do primordial germ cells do?

A

Give rise to oocytes/sperm eventually

42
Q

What does insufficient caudal mesoderm formation cause? (Give rise to limbs and GU system)

A

Caudal dysgenesis (fused lower legs)

43
Q

During gastrulation, what is an important step established by the notochord for organ development, placement, and function?

A

Laterality

44
Q

Where do signals accumulate of the trilaminar germ disc?

A

Left side to establish LT-RT asymmetry

45
Q

What is situs solitus? Situs inversus? Situs ambiguous?

A

Normal symmetry

Flipped symmetry

Only a few organs have flipped laterality

46
Q

What week does gastrulation and neurulation start?

A

Wk3

47
Q

What happens to the neural plate during neurulation?

A

Folds from center out

48
Q

What develops as a result of neural plate folding?

A

Neural tube

49
Q

What are the two ends of the neural tube called?

A

Anterior/posterior neuropore (should fuse eventually)

50
Q

What does posterior neuropore non-fusion cause?

A

Spina bifida

51
Q

Where do neural crest cells go when the neural tube is closed off?

A

They go full mesenchymal and flow outward (think: they give rise to PNS, so they need to go forth)

52
Q

Where do the cell bodies of the PNS derive from?

A

Neural tube; neural crest derivatives are axons

53
Q

What are a lot of facial deformities caused by?

A

Bad migration of neural crest cells

54
Q

What type of mesoderm lies right next to neural tube and notochord?

A

Paraxial

55
Q

What is the most lateral mesoderm?

A

Lateral plate

56
Q

What derives into dermatome, sclerotome, and myotomes? What are the structures of these three?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

Dermatome: back dermis

Sclerotome: bones/CT of vertebrae and ribs (NOT sternum)

Myotome: trunk/limbs/diaphragm muscles

57
Q

What are the two directions of folding?

A

Lateral: amniotic sac gets folded inward at multiple points to envelop the embryo (tube within a tube)

Cephalocaudal: inward folding of head and tail regions

58
Q

What results from folding?

A

3D fetus surrounded by yolk sac

59
Q

Where do the three body cavities derive from?

A

Coelomic cavity (formed from lateral and craniocephalic folding)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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