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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What two cells are required for zygote formation?

A

“Activated” sperm and secondary oocyte

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2
Q

What happens during cleavage of a zygote? What is the resulting name of a multicellular zygote with an inner cell mass and outer cell mass?

A

Cells in the zygote proliferate but the zygote does not expand volume

Morula is the result

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3
Q

What two differentiated cell types arise from zygote proliferation? What is the cavity that forms? What is this new cell called?

A
  • Trophoblast and Embryoblast
  • Blastocoele
  • Blastocyte
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4
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass as it further differentiates (right after the blastocoele is formed)?

A

A cavity forms inside the ICM (amniotic cavity)

Another layer of differentiation forms: embryoblast turns into the epiblast and hypoblast

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5
Q

What two cells types does the trophoblast turn into?

A

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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6
Q

What two sacs are formed from the embryoblast?

A

Amniotic sac (inside the “inner cell mass” space)

Yolk Sac (surrounded by hypoblast cells)

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7
Q

What does the cytotrophoblast do?

A

Defends embryo against maternal immune response

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8
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast do?

A

Expands into the endometrium to gather nutrients and starts to form a vascular network to supply the embryo

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9
Q

What is the cell type that determines ventral orientation? Dorsal?

A

Ventral = hypoblast

Dorsal = epiblast

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10
Q

What is a differentiation of the hypoblast that clumps together and forms cranial/caudal distinction?

A

AVE (anterior visceral endoderm)

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11
Q

What is the covering of the gap in the endometrial epithelium that prevents blood loss from the embedded embryo? What can disruption of this formation result in?

A

Fibrin coagulum

Blood loss through vaginal canal, mistaken period

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12
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm derive from? What do the cavities that form in it result in?

A

Trophoblast and hypoblast cells; chorionic cavity

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13
Q

What is another name for the extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm?

A

Chorionic plate

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14
Q

What are all the cell types that arise from the epiblast?

A

Extraembryonic ectoderm (amnioblast)

Embryonic germ layers

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15
Q

What are all the cell types that arise from the hypoblast?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm (somatic and splanchic)

Extraembryonic Endoderm

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16
Q

What are all the cell types that arise from the trophoblast?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast; cytotrophoblast

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17
Q

What weeks present the biggest potential for birth defects?

A

3-8 (with week 5 being the highest risk)

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18
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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19
Q

What are the early differentiations of the ectoderm?

A

Surface ectoderm, neural ectoderm

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20
Q

What does the neural ectoderm diff into?

A

Neural tube and neural crest

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21
Q

What tissue type does the surface ectoderm differentiate into?

A

Lining and secretory epithelium (epidermis, oral, nasal, distal anal mucosa)

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22
Q

What tissues are formed from the neural tube?

A

CNS

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23
Q

What tissues are formed from the neural crest?

A

Nervous (PNS)

Non-nervous (facial bones, melanocytes, face and ant neck dermis, iris/ciliary smooth muscle, etc)

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24
Q

What are the early differentiations of the mesoderm?

A

Paraxial, intermediate meso, lateral plate (somatic and splanchic meso)

25
What are the tissues that result from the paraxial mesoderm?
Connective (proper and supportive), skeletal muscle
26
What are the adult derivatives of the paraxial mesoderm?
CT Proper: dermis of back, tendons and ligs of axial skeleton (vert and rib) Support CT: axial skeleton bones and cart Skeletal Muscle: trunk, limbs, head
27
What are the tissues that result from the intermediate mesoderm?
Surface and glandular epithelium Smooth muscle CT proper
28
What are the adult derivatives of the intermediate meso?
Sec/Gland epithelium: lining of excretory and collecting epi of kidney and ureter; GI tract lining Smooth muscle: GU smooth muscle CT proper: GU connective tissue proper
29
What are the tissues that result from the lateral plate?
Epithelial: meso and edothelium Cardiac and smooth muscle CT: proper, support, fluid
30
What are the adult derivatives of the lateral plate?
Mesothelium: parietal and visceral serous lining of body cavities Endothel: lining of blood/lymph vessels & cardiac chambers Myocardium Smooth musc: blood vessels, resp and GI tract walls; erector pili of skin CT Proper: CT of GI and resp tract, dermis of anterolateral trunk & appendages CT support: appendicular bones and cart; sternum Fluid CT: hemopoietic stem cells to form fluid CT
31
What are the tissues that result from the endoderm (Lining of primitive gut tube and allantois)?
Lining and secretory epithelium
32
What are the adult derivatives of the endoderm?
GI and resp tract lining, bladder and urethra lining Parenchymal cells of lungs and accessory digestive glands Endocrine glands (except adrenal)
33
What is gastrulation?
The formation of the trilaminar germ layers
34
T or F: Gastrulation, neurolation, etc happen chronologically.
False; there is a large degree of overlap in embryonic development
35
What does the development of the primitive streak activate?
Gastrulation
36
What do the first epiblast cells that invade through the primitive streak become? How?
Endoderm; replace hypoblast cells
37
Where is the mesoderm on the embryonic disc? Ectoderm?
Middle set of cells Original remaining epiblast cells
38
What are the three germ layers derived from?
Epiblast cells
39
What germ cells go through primitive streak and node?
Meso and endoderm
40
Location of passing through the primitive streak determines what?
What kind of endo/mesoderm the cells become
41
What do primordial germ cells do?
Give rise to oocytes/sperm eventually
42
What does insufficient caudal mesoderm formation cause? (Give rise to limbs and GU system)
Caudal dysgenesis (fused lower legs)
43
During gastrulation, what is an important step established by the notochord for organ development, placement, and function?
Laterality
44
Where do signals accumulate of the trilaminar germ disc?
Left side to establish LT-RT asymmetry
45
What is situs solitus? Situs inversus? Situs ambiguous?
Normal symmetry Flipped symmetry Only a few organs have flipped laterality
46
What week does gastrulation and neurulation start?
Wk3
47
What happens to the neural plate during neurulation?
Folds from center out
48
What develops as a result of neural plate folding?
Neural tube
49
What are the two ends of the neural tube called?
Anterior/posterior neuropore (should fuse eventually)
50
What does posterior neuropore non-fusion cause?
Spina bifida
51
Where do neural crest cells go when the neural tube is closed off?
They go full mesenchymal and flow outward (think: they give rise to PNS, so they need to go forth)
52
Where do the cell bodies of the PNS derive from?
Neural tube; neural crest derivatives are axons
53
What are a lot of facial deformities caused by?
Bad migration of neural crest cells
54
What type of mesoderm lies right next to neural tube and notochord?
Paraxial
55
What is the most lateral mesoderm?
Lateral plate
56
What derives into dermatome, sclerotome, and myotomes? What are the structures of these three?
Paraxial mesoderm Dermatome: back dermis Sclerotome: bones/CT of vertebrae and ribs (NOT sternum) Myotome: trunk/limbs/diaphragm muscles
57
What are the two directions of folding?
Lateral: amniotic sac gets folded inward at multiple points to envelop the embryo (tube within a tube) Cephalocaudal: inward folding of head and tail regions
58
What results from folding?
3D fetus surrounded by yolk sac
59
Where do the three body cavities derive from?
Coelomic cavity (formed from lateral and craniocephalic folding)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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