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Embryology Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 methods used to date pregnancy

A

Menstraul age and fertilisation age

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2
Q

How do menstraul age and fertilisation age differ

A

Menstraul age takes the first 2 weeks into account

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3
Q

When is the most vulnerbale point in uman development for mutations

A

week 3-8

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4
Q

What does TORCH stand for

A

Toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes

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5
Q

What are the causes for birth defects called

A

Teratogens

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6
Q

What is the effect of thalidomide on birth defects

A

causes shortened or ab sent limbs

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7
Q

Effect of alcohol on birth defects

A

Causes foetal alcohol syndrome - intellectual disability

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8
Q

Follic acid deficiency

A

Causes malformations in the CNS - spina bfida and anencephaly

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9
Q

Other teratogens

A

Radiation

Maternal disease

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10
Q

What is gametogenesis

A

Formation of the gametes

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11
Q

Capacitation of the sperm

A

Maturation of sperm cell occurs in the reproductive tract

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12
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

enzymes released that allow the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida

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13
Q

Zona reaction

A

Following sperm penetration, 2nd fertilisation is stopped by making the zona pellucida impenetrable

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14
Q

What occurs after fertilisation

A

Nucleus of the spem enters the oocyte to form a zygote

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15
Q

What is cleavage

A

rapid cell division, the cells actually get smaller

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16
Q

What is a morulla

A

Ball of 16-32 cells made by cleavage

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17
Q

What makes up the morulla

A

Inner cell mass are embryoblasts

Outer cell mass are trophoblasts

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18
Q

What happens to the morulla

A

Cleavage continues and forms a fluid filled cavity called a blastocyst on day 5

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19
Q

what happens in days 5-6

A

Implantation ONTO the uterine wall

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20
Q

What is hatching

A

the process by which the zona pellucida is removed and the blastocyst is implanted into the endometrium

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21
Q

Describe the differentiation of the trophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast

A

Syncytiotrophoblast cells are the ones that burrow their way into the uterine lining and go on to form support structures

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22
Q

Describe the differentiation of the embryoblast into epiblast and hypoblast – bilaminar disc

A

Epiblast and hypoblast cells go on to form the embryo. Becoming bilaminar is when the embryo starts to become organised

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23
Q

Appreciate the importance of the epiblast and hypoblast in establishing the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo

A

Epiblast form the dorsal surface and the hypoblast cells form the ventral surface

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24
Q

Describe the process of full implantation of the blastocyst

A

After 9 days the embryo is fully implanted into the uterine lining. A coagulation plug forms over the area of entry.

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25
The formation of the amniotic cavity and the primary yolk sac
Amniotic cavity forms a small fluid-filled cavity in the epiblast. Hypoblast cells cover the blastocyst to form the primary yolk sac.
26
Formation of definitive yolk sac on the 13th day
Hypoblastcells continue to migrate around the primary yolk sac and push the old hypoblast cells out of the way to form a new cavity
27
What is the extraembryonic mesoderm and what cavity does it form
a layer of connecive tissue derived from yolk sac cells that eventually covers the amniotic cavtity. It eventually develops to form the chorionic cavity
28
How is uteroplacental circulation established
Syncytiotrophoblasts break down the wall of the mothers capillaries . Blood seeps into the trophoblastic lacuna
29
Describe the production of human chorionic gonadotrophin and its importance in pregnancy testing
Syncytiotrophoblast cells secrete a hormone. The hormome is needed to maintain the endometrium so it is tested for.
30
What is the normal implantation site
upper lateral posterior aspect of the uterus
31
what is outiside of the uterus implantation called
ectopic
32
Placenta previa
The placenta covers the cervix and leads to severe bleeding
33
Abdominal implantation
embryo dies due to lack of support structures, sometimes it calcifies (lithopaedion)
34
Describe the formation of a hydatidiform mole
Development of throphoblast without embryonic tissue - occurs due to fertilisation of an empty egg
35
Connecting stalk
goes on to form the umbilical cord
36
Explain the process of gastrulation that transforms the bilaminar embryonic disc to a trilaminar disc
Occurs in week 3 | Begins with the formation of the primitive streak followed by the formation of germ layers
37
Formation of germ layers - endoderm
Epiblast cells migrate through the primitve streak and push hypoblast cells out of the way. This produces the endoderm
38
mesoderm
Epiblast cells continue to migrate and form a middle layer called the mesoderm 14/15 days
39
ectoderm
The epiblast cells left behind form the ectoderm which completes gastrulation - 16th day
40
Derivatives of endoderm
epithelial linings
41
derivatives of mesoderm
Musculoskeletal system, dermis of skin
42
Derivatives of ectoderm
CNS and peripheral nervous system
43
What is sirenomelia
fusion of lower extremities insufficient mesoderm is formed in the caudal region
44
What is sacroccygeal teratoma
Remains of primitive perisist and form a tumour. Excessive migration of epibast cells
45
Formation of the notochord
Primitive node forms the notochondral process - the process fuses with the endoderm to form a flattened plate. The plate seperates from the endoderm and fuses to form a solid notochord
46
Describe the role of the notochord in inducing neurulation
Releases signals that cause the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate
47
role of notochord in the formation of the vertebrae
Notochord induces differentiation of the somites into various parts of the vertebrae. Scleretome cells surround the notochord to form a vertebral arch
48
Spina bfida
Induction of the sclerotome goes wrong and there is no induction of the vertebral arch.
49
myomengioceal
when some of the nervous tissue protrudes
50
Give an account of the process of neurulation and formation of the neural tube
Notochord initiates neurulation | Neuroectoderm gives rise to the neural plate
51
Formation of neural tube
neural folds fuse at the cervical region and continue cranially and caudally. The tube then seperates from the surface of the ectoderm
52
Describe the consequences of abnormal neurulation and neural tube defects and how these may be prevented: Anencephaly
Anencephaly - forebrain doesnt form , anterior neuropore doesn't form and amniotic fluid damages neyral tissue
53
Rachischisis
Spinal cord doesn't form properly - posterior neuropore does not fuse correctly
54
How are neural crest cells formed
Neural folds elevate and fuse, cells at the lateral edge seperate from the neural tube
55
What do crest cells do
Migrate and then differentiate to form derivatives
56
Derivatives of neurl crest cells
Teeth Skull bones Adrenal glands Nervous system in the gut
57
What's the genetic condition caused by abnormal crest cell devlopment
Neurofibromatosis - due to a mutation in the NF1 gene that regulates migration of neural crest cells
58
What occurs in the 4th week of development
Folding of the trilaminar embryonic disc in the craniocaudal and lateral axes
59
Craniocaudal folding
Embryo is pushed together at the head and tail end but dont fuse
60
Lateral axes
Amniotic cavity grows and weight of fluid pushes lateral edges toghether. Lateral edges fuse to form the ventral wall
61
How does the ventral wall form
Lateral edges fuse
62
Ectopia cardis
ventral wall defect - heart left outside body as lateral edges dont fold in the thoracic region
63
Gastroschisis
Ventral wall defect - Intestines outside body as lateral edges dont fold in abdominal region
64
Causes of male infertility
``` Smoking overweight Absence of vas deferens Infection cancer treatment ```
65
when is likelihood of pregnancy at its highest
Just after the 14th day - ovulation occurs at day 14
66
Causes of female infetility
Ageing Cancer treatment Uterine abnormalities
67
Morphological variations in spem
2 headed Short tail No tail
68
Issues with a sperm sample
Low sperm count Small volume White blood cell count
69
Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
washed sperm and placed directly into the uterus using a catheter
70
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Oocytes are collected and fertilised ex-utero. The zygote is introduced into the uterus at 3-5 days
71
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Same as IVF but sperm is injected into egg cytoplasm
72
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Harvested oocytes are mixed with sperm and introduced directly into the ampulla
73
Zygote Intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Harvested oocytes are fertilised with sperm in vitro. Fertilised pronuclear zygotes are introduced into the ampulla

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