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IMS > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 methods used to date pregnancy

A

Menstraul age and fertilisation age

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2
Q

How do menstraul age and fertilisation age differ

A

Menstraul age takes the first 2 weeks into account

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3
Q

When is the most vulnerbale point in uman development for mutations

A

week 3-8

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4
Q

What does TORCH stand for

A

Toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes

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5
Q

What are the causes for birth defects called

A

Teratogens

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6
Q

What is the effect of thalidomide on birth defects

A

causes shortened or ab sent limbs

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7
Q

Effect of alcohol on birth defects

A

Causes foetal alcohol syndrome - intellectual disability

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8
Q

Follic acid deficiency

A

Causes malformations in the CNS - spina bfida and anencephaly

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9
Q

Other teratogens

A

Radiation

Maternal disease

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10
Q

What is gametogenesis

A

Formation of the gametes

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11
Q

Capacitation of the sperm

A

Maturation of sperm cell occurs in the reproductive tract

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12
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

enzymes released that allow the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida

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13
Q

Zona reaction

A

Following sperm penetration, 2nd fertilisation is stopped by making the zona pellucida impenetrable

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14
Q

What occurs after fertilisation

A

Nucleus of the spem enters the oocyte to form a zygote

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15
Q

What is cleavage

A

rapid cell division, the cells actually get smaller

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16
Q

What is a morulla

A

Ball of 16-32 cells made by cleavage

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17
Q

What makes up the morulla

A

Inner cell mass are embryoblasts

Outer cell mass are trophoblasts

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18
Q

What happens to the morulla

A

Cleavage continues and forms a fluid filled cavity called a blastocyst on day 5

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19
Q

what happens in days 5-6

A

Implantation ONTO the uterine wall

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20
Q

What is hatching

A

the process by which the zona pellucida is removed and the blastocyst is implanted into the endometrium

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21
Q

Describe the differentiation of the trophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast

A

Syncytiotrophoblast cells are the ones that burrow their way into the uterine lining and go on to form support structures

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22
Q

Describe the differentiation of the embryoblast into epiblast and hypoblast – bilaminar disc

A

Epiblast and hypoblast cells go on to form the embryo. Becoming bilaminar is when the embryo starts to become organised

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23
Q

Appreciate the importance of the epiblast and hypoblast in establishing the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo

A

Epiblast form the dorsal surface and the hypoblast cells form the ventral surface

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24
Q

Describe the process of full implantation of the blastocyst

A

After 9 days the embryo is fully implanted into the uterine lining. A coagulation plug forms over the area of entry.

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25
Q

The formation of the amniotic cavity and the primary yolk sac

A

Amniotic cavity forms a small fluid-filled cavity in the epiblast. Hypoblast cells cover the blastocyst to form the primary yolk sac.

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26
Q

Formation of definitive yolk sac on the 13th day

A

Hypoblastcells continue to migrate around the primary yolk sac and push the old hypoblast cells out of the way to form a new cavity

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27
Q

What is the extraembryonic mesoderm and what cavity does it form

A

a layer of connecive tissue derived from yolk sac cells that eventually covers the amniotic cavtity. It eventually develops to form the chorionic cavity

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28
Q

How is uteroplacental circulation established

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts break down the wall of the mothers capillaries . Blood seeps into the trophoblastic lacuna

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29
Q

Describe the production of human chorionic gonadotrophin and its importance in pregnancy testing

A

Syncytiotrophoblast cells secrete a hormone. The hormome is needed to maintain the endometrium so it is tested for.

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30
Q

What is the normal implantation site

A

upper lateral posterior aspect of the uterus

31
Q

what is outiside of the uterus implantation called

A

ectopic

32
Q

Placenta previa

A

The placenta covers the cervix and leads to severe bleeding

33
Q

Abdominal implantation

A

embryo dies due to lack of support structures, sometimes it calcifies (lithopaedion)

34
Q

Describe the formation of a hydatidiform mole

A

Development of throphoblast without embryonic tissue - occurs due to fertilisation of an empty egg

35
Q

Connecting stalk

A

goes on to form the umbilical cord

36
Q

Explain the process of gastrulation that transforms the bilaminar embryonic disc to a trilaminar disc

A

Occurs in week 3

Begins with the formation of the primitive streak followed by the formation of germ layers

37
Q

Formation of germ layers - endoderm

A

Epiblast cells migrate through the primitve streak and push hypoblast cells out of the way. This produces the endoderm

38
Q

mesoderm

A

Epiblast cells continue to migrate and form a middle layer called the mesoderm 14/15 days

39
Q

ectoderm

A

The epiblast cells left behind form the ectoderm which completes gastrulation - 16th day

40
Q

Derivatives of endoderm

A

epithelial linings

41
Q

derivatives of mesoderm

A

Musculoskeletal system, dermis of skin

42
Q

Derivatives of ectoderm

A

CNS and peripheral nervous system

43
Q

What is sirenomelia

A

fusion of lower extremities insufficient mesoderm is formed in the caudal region

44
Q

What is sacroccygeal teratoma

A

Remains of primitive perisist and form a tumour. Excessive migration of epibast cells

45
Q

Formation of the notochord

A

Primitive node forms the notochondral process - the process fuses with the endoderm to form a flattened plate. The plate seperates from the endoderm and fuses to form a solid notochord

46
Q

Describe the role of the notochord in inducing neurulation

A

Releases signals that cause the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate

47
Q

role of notochord in the formation of the vertebrae

A

Notochord induces differentiation of the somites into various parts of the vertebrae. Scleretome cells surround the notochord to form a vertebral arch

48
Q

Spina bfida

A

Induction of the sclerotome goes wrong and there is no induction of the vertebral arch.

49
Q

myomengioceal

A

when some of the nervous tissue protrudes

50
Q

Give an account of the process of neurulation and formation of the neural tube

A

Notochord initiates neurulation

Neuroectoderm gives rise to the neural plate

51
Q

Formation of neural tube

A

neural folds fuse at the cervical region and continue cranially and caudally. The tube then seperates from the surface of the ectoderm

52
Q

Describe the consequences of abnormal neurulation and neural tube defects and how these may be prevented: Anencephaly

A

Anencephaly - forebrain doesnt form , anterior neuropore doesn’t form and amniotic fluid damages neyral tissue

53
Q

Rachischisis

A

Spinal cord doesn’t form properly - posterior neuropore does not fuse correctly

54
Q

How are neural crest cells formed

A

Neural folds elevate and fuse, cells at the lateral edge seperate from the neural tube

55
Q

What do crest cells do

A

Migrate and then differentiate to form derivatives

56
Q

Derivatives of neurl crest cells

A

Teeth
Skull bones
Adrenal glands
Nervous system in the gut

57
Q

What’s the genetic condition caused by abnormal crest cell devlopment

A

Neurofibromatosis - due to a mutation in the NF1 gene that regulates migration of neural crest cells

58
Q

What occurs in the 4th week of development

A

Folding of the trilaminar embryonic disc in the craniocaudal and lateral axes

59
Q

Craniocaudal folding

A

Embryo is pushed together at the head and tail end but dont fuse

60
Q

Lateral axes

A

Amniotic cavity grows and weight of fluid pushes lateral edges toghether. Lateral edges fuse to form the ventral wall

61
Q

How does the ventral wall form

A

Lateral edges fuse

62
Q

Ectopia cardis

A

ventral wall defect - heart left outside body as lateral edges dont fold in the thoracic region

63
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Ventral wall defect - Intestines outside body as lateral edges dont fold in abdominal region

64
Q

Causes of male infertility

A 
Smoking
overweight
Absence of vas deferens
Infection
cancer treatment
65
Q

when is likelihood of pregnancy at its highest

A

Just after the 14th day - ovulation occurs at day 14

66
Q

Causes of female infetility

A

Ageing
Cancer treatment
Uterine abnormalities

67
Q

Morphological variations in spem

A

2 headed
Short tail
No tail

68
Q

Issues with a sperm sample

A

Low sperm count
Small volume
White blood cell count

69
Q

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

A

washed sperm and placed directly into the uterus using a catheter

70
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

Oocytes are collected and fertilised ex-utero. The zygote is introduced into the uterus at 3-5 days

71
Q

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

Same as IVF but sperm is injected into egg cytoplasm

72
Q

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

A

Harvested oocytes are mixed with sperm and introduced directly into the ampulla

73
Q

Zygote Intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

A

Harvested oocytes are fertilised with sperm in vitro. Fertilised pronuclear zygotes are introduced into the ampulla

IMS (4 decks)

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