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GIT > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

When does formation of the tongue start?

A

4th week

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2
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is the mucous membrane derived from?

A

1st Arch

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3
Q

How many swellings do the anterior 2/3 of the tongue have?

A

2 lateral swellings
1 median swelling
-hypobranchial eminence (from mesoderm of 2nd, 3rd, and part of 4th arch)

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4
Q

What does the 2nd arch contribute to the tongue?

A

Facial nerve: contributes taste to anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

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5
Q

What does the 3rd branchial arch contribute to the tongue?

A

Overgrows: Glossopharyngeal nerve-posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

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6
Q

What does the 4th branchial arch contribute to the tongue?

A

Third swelling: superior laryngeal nerve-posterior most part of the tongue (epiglottis)

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7
Q

What contributes to the sensations of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?

A
  • lingual (general) (branch of mandibular division of 5th nerve, 1st arch)
  • chorda tympani (special) (branch of facial nerve, 2nd arch)
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8
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue derived from?

A

Derived from occipital myotomes (somites) innervated by-Hypoglossal nerve

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9
Q

What germ layers are the GIT derived from?

A

Endoderm-epithelial lining and glands of digestive and respiratory tracts

Mesoderm-wall of digestive and respiratory tracts; visceral serosa

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10
Q

What happens during the 3rd-4th week?

A
  • Neural tube elevates and closes dorsally
  • Gut tube rolls and closes ventrally
  • Flat trilaminar embryonic disc becomes cylindrical
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11
Q

What are the head fold, tail fold, and lateral folds that occur during the 3rd-4th week?

A
  • Head and tail fold: caused by growth of neural tube
  • Lateral folds: caused by growth of somites
  • Margins of four folds-bound the primitive umbilical opening
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12
Q

Ventral body wall defects involve one/both …

A

Lateral body wall folds fail to progress ventrally to fuse in midline

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13
Q

What are the ventral body wall defects in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis?

A

Thorax: ectopia cordis
Abdomen: gastroschisis
Pelvis: bladder/cloacal exstrophy

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of gastroschisis?

A
  • Due to abnormal closure of the body walls around the connecting stalk
  • Abdominal viscera herniate through the body wall directly into the amniotic cavity
  • Detected prenatally through ultrasonography and by elevated alpha-fetoprotein
  • The defect occurs usually on the right side of the umbilicus
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15
Q

How is the primitive gut tube formed?

A

As a result of craniocaudal (cephalocaudal) and lateral folding
-portion of the yolk sac is incorporated into the embryo to form primitive gut tube

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16
Q

What do the endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest contribute to the primitive gut tube?

A

Endoderm: epithelial lining of the GI

Mesoderm: lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa

Neural Crest: neurons and nerves of the submucosal and myenteric plexus

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17
Q

For molecular regulation of GIT, specification is initiated by what?

A

Retinoic Acid gradient

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18
Q

The retinoic acid gradient causes which transcription to the expressed and what do they regulate?

A

SOX2-esophagus and stomach
PDX1-duodenum
CDXC-small intestine
CDXA-large intestine and rectum

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19
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is initiated by what gene?This gene expression establos nested expression of what gene?

A

Sonic Hedgehog gene (SHH)

HOX genes in mesoderm

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20
Q

What are the adult structures derived from the foregut?

A

Celiac artery, esophagus, stomach, duodenum (first and upper half of 2nd part), liver, pancreas, biliary apparatus, gallbladder

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21
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves for the foregut?

A

Parasympathetic-vagus
Sympathetic:
-preganglionic T5-T9 thoracic splanchnic nerves
-postganglianic cell bodies: celiac ganglion

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22
Q

What are the adult structures derived from the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery, duodenum (lower half of second part, third and fourth part), jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon (right two-thirds)

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23
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves from the midgut?

A

Parasympathetic: vagus
Sympathetic:
-preganglionic T8-T11 thoracic splanchnic nerves
-postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion

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24
Q

What are the adult structures derived from the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery, transverse colon (left one-third), descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal (above pectinate line)

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25
What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves derived from the hindgut?
Parasympathetic: pelvis splanchnic Sympathetic: -preganglionic L1-L2 lumbar splanchnic nerves -postganglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion
26
What is the referred pain for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?
Foregut-epigastrum Midgut-umbilical Hindgut-Hypogastrum
27
After folding of the embryo, the primitive gut tube is suspended by what?
Dorsal and ventral mesenteries
28
What are the derivatives of the ventral mesentery?
Lesser omentum, (hepatoduodenal and hepatigastric ligaments), falciform ligament, coronary ligament, triangular ligament
29
What are the derivatives of the dorsal mesentery?
Greater omentum, (gastrorenal, gastrosplenic, gastrocolic, and splenoral ligaments, mesentery of small intestine, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon
30
What kind of “peritoneal” organs are: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, duodenum (first part), tail of pancreas, jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon
Major intraperitoneal
31
What kind of “peritoneal” organs are: duodenum(2nd and 3rd parts), pancreas (head, neck, and body), ascending colon, descending colon, upper rectum
Major secondary retroperitoneal organs
32
What kind of “peritoneal” organs are: kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, aorta, inferior vena cava, lower rectum, anal canal
Major primary retroperitoneal organs
33
The tracheoesophageal septum divides the foregut into what?
Esophagus and trachea
34
What deformation is it when the upper esophagus ends in a bind pouch and lower segment forming fistula with the trachea?
Esophageal atresia
35
What deformation occurs when the esophagus fails to recanalize?
Esophageal stenosis
36
What deformity occurs when the esophagus fails to lengthen sufficiently?
Congenital hiatal hernia
37
What develops from a fusiform dilation of foregut during the 4th week?
Stomach
38
What abnormality results in the narrowing of pyloric lumen?
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
39
This structure forms from endodermal outgrowth from the foregut-hepatic diverticulum?
Liver
40
What forms from the proximal part of the hepatitic diverticulum? Distal part?
Biliary duct system; gallbladder
41
What is caused from the incomplete recanilization leading to occlusion of biliary ducts? What is this condition associated with?
Extra hepatic biliary atresia; associated with jaundice soon after birth, pale stool, and dark colored urine
42
During the 3rd month of fetal life, what develops in the pancreas? What begins in the 5th month?
Pancreatic islets (of langerhans); insulin secretion
43
The ventral pancreatic bud moves dorsally and finally lies below and behind the dorsal pancreatic bid and fuses with the later when what happens?
When the duodenum rotates to the right
44
What is is called when there is abnormal migration of parts of ventral pancreatic buds and forms a ring around the second part of the duodenum?
Anular pancreas
45
What is it called when the midgut loop fails to return to the abdominal cavity?
Omphalocele
46
What is it called when there is persistence of remnants of the vitelline duct?
Ileal (Meckel’s) diverticulum
47
What is it called when there is persistence of patent vitelline duct?
Vitelline (umbilical) fistula
48
What is it called when both ends of the vitelline duct transform into fibrous cords?
Vitelline cyst
49
What is a mobile cecum?
When there is persistence of a portion of the mesocolon
50
What is a retro colic hernia?
Entrapment if portions of small intestine behind the mesocolon
51
What condition is associated with malrotation of the midgut?
Volvulus
52
What is gut atresia a result of?
Mis expression of HOX genes and of genes of receptors in the FGF family
53
This occurs when the lumen of the duodenum is occluded owing to failed recanalization
Duodenal atresia
54
This occurs when the proximal jejunum is affected and coiled around the remnant of mesentery
Apple peel atresia
55
Abnormal formation of cloaca and or urorectal septum results in
- rectovesical fistula - rectourethral fistula - rectovaginal fistula
56
This occurs when the anal membrane fails to breakdown
Imperforate anus
57
This occurs due to a failure of migration of neural crest cells into the colonic wall (myenteric plexus) during 5th-7th week of gestation
Congenital megacolon/ aganglionic megacolon/ hirschsprung disease
58
Specification of the GIT is initiated by what?
Retinoic Acid Gradient
59
RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the esophagus and stomach?
SOX2
60
RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the duodenum?
PDX1
61
RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the small intestine?
CDXC
62
RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the large intestine and rectum?
CDXA
63
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is initiated by what?
SHH Establishes a nested expression of HOX genes in mesoderm

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