Physiology

Question 1

What is the function of Endopeptidases?

Answer 1

Hydrolyze interior peptide bonds of polypeptides and proteins

Question 2

What is the function of trypsin?

Answer 2

Attacks peptide bonds involving basic amino acids; yields products with basic amino acids at C-terminal end

Question 3

What is the function of chymotrypsin?

Answer 3

Attacks peptide bonds involving aromatic amino acids, leucine, glutamine, and methionine; yields peptide products with these amino acids at C-terminal end

Question 4

What is the function of elastase?

Answer 4

Attacks peptide bonds involving neutral aliphatic amino acids; yields products with neutral amino acids at C-terminal end

Question 5

What is the function of exopeptidases?

Answer 5

Hydrolyze external peptide bonds of polypeptides and protein

Question 6

What is the function of Carboxypeptidase A?

Answer 6

Attacks peptides with aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acids at C-terminal end

Question 7

What is the function of Carboxypeptidase B?

Answer 7

Attacks peptides with basic amino acids at C-terminal end

Question 8

Which intestinal enzyme activates the rest of the intestinal enzymes?

Answer 8

Trypsin

Question 9

What is the name of the enzyme that turns trypsinogen into its active form?

Answer 9

Enterokinase

Question 10

What is the defect in Hartnup disease?

Answer 10

There is no apical amino acid transport for L-Phenylalanine

Question 11

What is the defect in Cystinuria?

Answer 11

There is no apical amino acid transport for L-arginine or cystine

Question 12

What is the defect in lysinuric protein intolerance?

Answer 12

There is a defect in the basolateral amino-acid transport of lysine (SLC7A7 defect)

Question 13

What does lingual, gastric, and pancreatic lipase turn triglycerides into?

Answer 13

Monoglycerides and 2 fatty acids

Question 14

What does cholesterol ester hydrolase turn cholesterol ester into?

Answer 14

Cholesterol and fatty acid

Question 15

What does Phospholipase A2 turn phospholipids into?

Answer 15

Lysolecithin and fatty acid

Question 16

What are the 5 Lipid digestive and absorptive abnormalities that can cause steatorrhea?

Answer 16

1. Pancreatic insufficiency
2. Acidity of duodenal contents
3. Deficiency of bile salts
4. Bacterial overgrowth
5. Decreased intestinal cells for absorption
6. Failure to synthesize apoproteins

Question 17

What soluble vitamins are dependent of what type of transporter?

Answer 17

Na+-dependent cotransport (exception Vit. B12)

Question 18

What is the pathway for absorption of vitamin B12?

Answer 18

(1) Dietary vitamin B12is released from foods by the digestive action of pepsin in the stomach. (2) Free vitamin B12binds toR proteins,which are secreted in salivary juices. (3) In the duodenum, pancreatic proteases degrade the R proteins, causing vitamin B12to be transferred to intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the gastric parietal cells. (4) The vitamin B12–intrinsic factor complex is resistant to the degradative actions of pancreatic proteases and travels to the ileum, where there is a specific transport mechanism for its absorption

Question 19

What is osmotic diarrhea?

Answer 19

Presence of nonabsorbable solutes in the lumen of the intestine.

Question 20

What is secretory diarrhea?

Answer 20

Excessivesecretionof fluid by crypt cells

Question 21

Why Oral Rehydration Solution is used to treat diarrhea?

Answer 21

Oral rehydration solutionis beneficial in the treatment of diarrheal disease worldwide.
It contains glucose, Na+, Cl−, and HCO3−, which stimulate intestinal absorption of fluid and electrolytes
(i.e., Na+-glucose cotransport), thus offsetting the massive secretion of fluid and electrolytes.

Question 22

What are some common causes for gallstones?

Answer 22

1. Too much absorption of water from bile
2. Too much absorption of acids from bile
3. Too much cholesterol in bile
4. Inflammation of epithelium

Question 23

What are the most common causes of pancreatitis that are gender specific?

Answer 23

Women-gallstones

Men-alcohol

Question 24

Which ligament is used as a clinical dividing line between the upper and lower GIT?

Answer 24

The Suspensory muscle (ligament) of duodenum (ligament of treitz)

Question 25

What is the only place peyer’s patches are present?

Answer 25

Ileum

Question 26

What 3 things are characteristic of the large intestine?

Answer 26

Teniae coli, sacculations or haustrations, and mental appendices (appendix epiploica)