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Head and Neck > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neck develop from ?

A

Brachial and Pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

What does the face develop from ?

A

5 Mesenchymal processes

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3
Q

What does the skull develop from ?

A

Mesenchyme in the head region of the developing embryo

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4
Q

What is mesenchyme ?

A

An embryological connective tissue

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5
Q

What leads to axis formation in the developing embryo ?

A

Notochord

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6
Q

Does the notochord run the full length of the embryo ?

A

No it does not

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7
Q

What structures form either end of the notochord ?

A

Future mouth and anus

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8
Q

Is there any mesoderm at the future sites of the mouth and anus ?

A

No the endoderm is in contact with the ectoderm

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9
Q

How does the neural tube form ?

A

The notochord causes the ectoderm to thicken and form the neural tube

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10
Q

Where do neural crest cells come from ?

A

The crest regions of the neural folds

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11
Q

What are somites derived from ?

A

The paraxial mesoderm

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12
Q

How many somites are there in total ?

A

33

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13
Q

How many brachial arches form in humans ?

A

5

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14
Q

What is found in each arch ?

A

An artery, nerve and skeletal element

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15
Q

What forms the muscle and cartilages of each arch ?

A

Mesoderm and neural crest cells

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16
Q

Which nerves supply each brachial arch ?

A

Arch 1 - Trigeminal V3
Arch 2 - Facial
Arch 3 - Glossopharyngeal
Arch 4 - Superior laryngeal branch of vagus
Arch 6 - Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

17
Q

What are the names of the 5 processes that form the face ?

A

1 Fronto-nasal
2 Maxillary
2 Mandibular

18
Q

How do the nostrils form ?

A

The lateral nasal processes thicken to form the nasal placode. This then invaginates to form the nostril.

19
Q

What forms the philtrum ?

A

The medial nasal process grows downwards and laterally to form the philtrum.

20
Q

How is the palate formed ?

A

The medial nasal process forms the primary palate, the maxillary process forms 2 shelves which fuse with the nasal process to form the secondary palate.

21
Q

Which congenital abnormality is seen alongside a cleft lip ?

A

A cleft palate

22
Q

What type of bone formation does the cranial vault form from ?

A

Intramembranous ossification

23
Q

What does the viscerocranium form from ? (2)

A

Special sense capsules and brachial arches

24
Q

What type of bone formation does the base of the skull form from ?

A

Endochondral ossification

25
Q

At which age does the anterior and posterior fontanelles close ?

A

Posterior fontanelle - 2-3 months

Anterior fontanelle - 1.5 years

26
Q

What is Craniosyntosis ?

A

Occurs when the fontanelles close too early

27
Q

What is Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

Occurs due to a 1st branchial arch abnormality

Head and Neck (6 decks)

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