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Reproductive ERIN > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

zone of polarizing activity is important for what?

A

anterior posterior development

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2
Q

What gene is important for anterior posterior development?

A

sonic hedgehog gene

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3
Q

mutations in sonic hedgehog gene result in what?

A

holoprosencephaly

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4
Q

Functon of FGF?

A

stimulates mitosis of mesoderm -> lengthening of limbs

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5
Q

Homeobox genes function

A

segmental organization of embryo

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6
Q

Mutations in the homeobox genes result in what?

A

appendages in the wrong locations

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7
Q

When does hCG secretion begin?

A

Week 1 - when the blastocyst implants

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8
Q

When does the bilaminar disc form?

A

week 2

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9
Q

When does the trilaminar disc form?

A

week 3 ->endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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10
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

week 4

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11
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

week 4

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12
Q

When do the limb buds begin to form?

A

week 4

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13
Q

when do fetal movements begin?

A

week 8

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14
Q

When do the genatlia have male/female characterisitcs?

A

week 10

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15
Q

fetal effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

renal failure, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria

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16
Q

fetal effects of alkylating agents

A

absence of digits / multiple anomolies

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17
Q

fetal effects of aminoglycosides

A

ototoxicity

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18
Q

fetal effects of antiepileptic drugs?

A

neural tube defects, cardiodefects, cleft palate, skeletal abnoralities, etc.

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19
Q

If someone stays on antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy what do you need to do?

A

give them high dose folate supplementation

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20
Q

fetal effects of diethylstilbestrol

A

vaginal clear cell adenocarcioma, congenital Mullerian anomalies

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21
Q

fetal effects of folate antagonists

A

neural tube defects

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22
Q

fetal effects of isotretinoin

A

multiple severe defects - contraception mandatory while taking isotretinoin

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23
Q

fetal effects of lithium

A

ebstein anomoly (apical displacement of tricuspid valve)

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24
Q

fetal effects of methimazole

A

aplasia cutis congenita (absense of skin)

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25
fetal effects of tetracyclines
discolored teeth, inhibited bone growth
26
fetal effects of thalidomide
limb defects
27
fetal effects of warfarin
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic abnormalities
28
fetal effects of alcohol abuse
birth defects, intellectual disability, fetal alcohol syndrome
29
fetal effects of cocaine use
vasoconstriction-> low birth weight, preterm birth, IUGR, placental abruption
30
fetal effects of smoking
low birth weight, preterm labour, placental problems, IUGR, SIDS, ADHD
31
fetal effects of iodide
congenital goiter (excess), hypothyroidism (cretinism)
32
fetal effects of maternal diabetes
caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), congenital heart defects (VSD, transposition, etc), neural tube defects, macrosomnia, neonatal hypoglycemia, polycythemia
33
fetal effects of methylmercury
neurotoxicity - (delayed milestones, deaf, cerebral palsy, etc)
34
fetal effects of vitamin A excess
spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate)
35
fetal effects of XRAYS
microcephaly, intellectual disability
36
how may fetal alcohol syndrome present?
intellectual disability, microcephaly, facial abnormalities, heart defects, limb dislocation, heart-lung fistulas, holoprosencephaly
37
What is neonatal abstinence syndrome?
caused by maternal opioid abuse and presents in infant with uncoordinated suckling, irritability, high-pitched crying, tremors, tachypnea, sneezing, diarrhea, possibly seizures
38
What causes fetal hydrantoin syndorme?
materal phenytoin use
39
If the zygotes of twins divide from 0-4 days what will they share?
Nothing -they each have their own amnion and chorion
40
If the zygotes of twins divide from 4-8 days what will they share
The chorion, but they will have their own amnions
41
If the zygotes of twins divide from 8-12 days what will they share?
both the chorion and amnion
42
If the zygotes of twins divide from 13 days onwards what will they share?
a body
43
How do trophoblasts avoid immune destruction?
They do not express MHC I and also the placenta secretions block immune response
44
Which antibody crosses the placenta?
igG
45
What does the umbilicus contain?
two umbilical arteries, one vein, allanois and whartons jelly
46
Where does the decidua basalis derive from?
endometrium from mom
47
Which later of the placenta secretes hCG?
syncytiotrophoblasts
48
Where does the meckels diverticulum come from?
a diverticulum of the vitelline duct
49
What tissue may be found in a meckels diverticulum?
pancreatic or gastric tissue
50
derivative(s) of the aortic arch 1?
part of maxillary artery
51
derivative(s) of the aortic arch 2?
stapedial artery and hyoid artery
52
derivative(s) of the aortic arch 3?
common carotid and promixal internat carotid
53
derivative(s) of the aortic arch 4?
aortic arch and proximal right subclavian
54
derivative(s) of the aortic arch 6?
proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosis
55
what are the pharyngeal clefts derived from?
ectoderm
56
What are the pharyngeal arches derived from?
mesoderm
57
What are the pharyngeal pouches derived from?
endoderm
58
derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal clefts?
external auditory meatus
59
derivatives of the 2nd to 4th pharyngeal clefts?
cervical sinus's
60
derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
Maxillary process, mandibular process, malleus and incus Muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric, medial pterygoids, etc. CN V3
61
What is pierre robin sequence?
failure of 1st/2nd arches - micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction
62
what is treacher collins?
failure of 1st and 2nd arches -> autosomal dominant neural crest dysfunction - >craniofacial abnormalities (zygomatic and mandibular hypoplasia), hearing loss, airway compromise
63
derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
Reichert cartilage - stapes, styloid, less horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament Muslces of facial expression, stapedius, platysma, posterior diagastric CN VII
64
derivatives of the 3rd pharnygeal arch?
greater horn of hyoid stylopharyngeous CN IX
65
derivatives of the 4-6th pharyngeal arches?
arytenoids, cricoid, corniculate, cuneiform, thyroid 4th: pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid 6th: all muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid CNX
66
derivativs of the 1st pharyngeal pouch?
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
67
derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch
epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
68
derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch
Dorsal wings - > inferior parathyroid glands | Ventral wing -> thymus
69
derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal pouch
superior parathyroid | parafollicular c cells of thyroid
70
DiGeorge syndrome is what?
Failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
71
What does the SRY gene produced?
testis-determining factor ->testes development
72
What do sertoli cells secrete?
Mullerian inhibitory factor ->suppresses development of paramesonephric duct
73
What do the leydig cells secrete?
Androgens -> development of mesonephric ducts
74
What does the paramesonephric (mullerian duct) develop into?
female internal structures - fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina
75
What is the remnant of the mullerian duct seen in males?
appendix testis
76
What is is the remnant of the mesonephric duct, found in females?
Gartners duct
77
What does the genital tubercle become?
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum/spongiosum | Glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
78
What does the urogenital sinus become?
bulbourethral and prostate glands greater vestibular glands and urethral and paraurethral glands
79
what does the urogenital folds become?
ventral shaft of penis labia minora
80
what does the labioscrotal welling become?
scrotum Labia majoria

Reproductive ERIN (3 decks)

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