reproductive cancers

Question 1

what are the benign breast disease?

Answer 1

fibrocystic changes
inflammatory processes
benign tumours
gynecomastia

Question 2

how do fibrocystic changes present?

Answer 2

in women 20-50 yo with premenstrual breast pain or lumps

Question 3

what are two types of fibrocystic changes?

Answer 3

sclerosing adenosis

epithelial hyperplasia

Question 4

What is sclerosing adenosis?

Answer 4

acini and stromal fibrosis, associated with calcification

Slight increase in cancer risk

Question 5

What/where is epithelial hyperplasia?

Answer 5

hyperplasia of cells in terminal duct or lobular epithelium

Increased risk for carcinoma with atypical cells

Question 6

What are two inflammatory processes?

Answer 6

fat necrosis

lactational mastitis

Question 7

How does fat necrosis present?

Answer 7

painless lump after trauma

Question 8

What will fat necrosis look like on mammography?

Answer 8

calcified oil cyst

Question 9

What will fat necrosis look like on biopsy?

Answer 9

necrosised fat and giant cellsW

Question 10

What is lactational mastitis?

Answer 10

infection that gets in through cracks during breast feeding. Usually caused by staph aureus.

Question 11

how to treat lactational mastitis?

Answer 11

antibiotics and continue breastfeeding

Question 12

What the benign tumours of the breast?

Answer 12

fibroadenoma
intraductal papilloma
phyllodes tumour

Question 13

Which population most commonly gets a fibroadenoma?

Answer 13

women <35

Question 14

Characteristics of a fibroadenoma

Answer 14

small, well defined and mobile. Size and tenderness increases with estrogen (pregnancy, prior to menstruation)

Question 15

Characteristics of intraductal papilloma

Answer 15

Small, fibroepithelial tumoours within lactiferous ducts usually below areola. Most common cause of nipple discharge (bloody or serous).

Question 16

Phyllodes tumour description

Answer 16

large mass of connective tissue and cyts with leaf like lobulations

Question 17

What causes peau d’orange?

Answer 17

dermal lymphatic invasion of the cancer ->lymphadema -> thickened skin around exaggerated hair follicles -> p’eau d’orange

Question 18

most important diagnositc prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer?

Answer 18

axillary lymph node metastasis

Question 19

What are the noninvasive carcinomas?

Answer 19

Ductal carcinoma in situ
Paget disease
Lobular carcinoma in situ

Question 20

characteristics of DCIS ?

Answer 20

neoplastic cells fill ductal lumen.

Question 21

does DCIS penetrate the basement membrane?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

does DCIS usually produce a mass?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

how does DCIS show up on mammography?

Answer 23

microcalcifications on mammography

Question 24

What is comedocarcinoma?

Answer 24

subtype of DCIS

Question 25

characteristics of comedocarcinoma?

Answer 25

cells have high-grade nucleus with extensive central necrosis and dystrophic calcification

Question 26

What is Pagets disease of the breast?

Answer 26

extension of an underlying DCIS or invasive breast cancer up the lactiferous ducts into the skin of the nipple ->eczematous patches over nipple and areolar skin

Question 27

how is lobular carcinoma in situ discovered?

Answer 27

incidentally finding on biopsy (does not produce mass or calcifications)

Question 28

does DCIS cause an increased risk of cancer ?

Answer 28

yes, in the same breast in the same quadrant

Question 29

does lobular carcinoma cause an increased risk of cancer?

Answer 29

yes- either breast in any area

Question 30

What are the types of invasive carcinoma?

Answer 30

Invasive ductal Invasive lobular Medullary Inflammatory

Question 31

Invasive ductal carcinoma characteristics

Answer 31

firm, fibrous, rock-hard mass with sharp margins and small, glandular, duct-like cells in desmoplastic stroma

Question 32

Subtypes of invasive ductal carcinoma?

Answer 32

tubular and mucinous

Question 33

describe the tubular subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma?

Answer 33

well-differentiated tubules that lack myoepithelium

Question 34

describe the mucinous subtype of invasive carcinoma?

Answer 34

abundant extracellar mucin - seen in older women

Question 35

invasive lobular carcinoma charactreristics

Answer 35

cells in single file due to loss of E cadherin. No duct formatino

Question 36

what cell marker is lost in invasive lobular carcinoma?

Answer 36

E-cadherin

Question 37

Describe medullary invasive carcinoma

Answer 37

large, anaplastic cells growing in sheets with associated lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 38

Medullary carcinoma may mimic what other breast pathology?

Answer 38

fibroadenoma

Question 39

Describe inflammatory invasive carcinoma

Answer 39

invasion of dermal lymphatic spaces -- > painful breast with warm, swollen, erythematous skin, peau d'orange

Question 40

is there a palpable mass in inflammatory invasive carcionma

Answer 40

no

Question 41

what is the prognosis for inflammatory invasive carcinoma?

Answer 41

poor