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USMLE_STEP1 > EMBRYOLOGY/ANATOMY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY/ANATOMY Flashcards

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1
Q

1st branchial cleft develops into what?

A

external auditory meatus

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2
Q

2nd - 4th branchial clefts develop into what?

A

form temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme (persistent cervical sinus –> branchial cleft cyst w/i lateral neck)

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3
Q

name the embryological derivative for branchial clefts

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

branchial arches are derived from what?

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

branchial pouches are derived from what?

A

endoderm

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6
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome?

A

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate–> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

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7
Q

what is a congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistula?

A

persistence of cleft and pouch–> fistula b/w the tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck

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8
Q

what is the mnemonic to remember for the branchial arch derivatives?

A

1st arch - Chew (CN V2 & V3); M’s & T’s
2nd arch - Smile (CN VII); S’s
3rd Arch - Swallow stylishly (CN IX)
4th Arch - Simply swallow (CN X Superior laryngeal branch)
6th Arch - Speak (CN X, recurrent laryngeal branch)

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9
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures associated with the 1st branchial arch?

A

Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament

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10
Q

what are the muscles associated with the 1st branchial arch?

A

Muscles of Mastication: Masseter, Medial & lateral pterygoids, Mylohyoid, temporalis, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini (CHEW)

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11
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures associated with the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

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12
Q

what are the muscles derived from the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric (SMILE)

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13
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures derived from the 3rd branchial arch?

A

greater horn of hyoid

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14
Q

what are the muscles derived from 3rd branchial arch?

A

stylopharyngeus (innervated by CN IX) ; “swallow stylishly”

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15
Q

what are the cartilaginous structures derived from the 4-6th branchial arches?

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

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16
Q

what are the muscles derived from the 6th branchial arch?

A

all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid (reccurent laryngeal branch of CN X)

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17
Q

name the syndrome: mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells)

  • pheochromocytoma
  • parathyroid (tumor)-3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch
  • Medullary thyroid cancer (parafollicular cells-derived from neural crest cells; assoc. w/ 4th/5th pharyngeal pouches)
A

MEN2A

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18
Q

name the embryological structure: develops into middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells; contributes to endoderm-lined structures of the ear

A

1st branchial pouch

mnemonic “Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)”

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19
Q

name the embryological structure: develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

A

2nd branchial pouch

mnemonic “Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)”

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20
Q

which structure connects the medial pole of the ovary to the lateral uterus?

A

ligament of the ovary

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21
Q

what type of epithelium does the vagina have?

A

stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized

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22
Q

name the syndrome: mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells)

  • pheochromocytoma
  • parathyroid (tumor)-3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch
  • Medullary thyroid cancer (parafollicular cells-derived from neural crest cells; assoc. w/ 4th/5th pharyngeal pouches)
A

MEN2A

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23
Q

name the pathology: failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)

A

cleft lip

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24
Q

name the pathology: failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of secondary palate)

A

cleft palate

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25
what structures develop from the genital tubercle in males?
glans penis | corpus cavernosum & spongiosum
26
what structures develop from the genital tubercle in females?
glans clitoris | vestibular bulbs
27
what structure develops from the urogenital sinus in males?
``` Bulbuourethral glands (cowper's glands) Prostate gland ```
28
what structure develops from the urogenital sinus in females?
greater vestibular glands (of bartholin) | Urethral and paraurethral glands (of skene)
29
what structure develops from urogenital folds in males?
ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)
30
what structure develops from urogenital folds in females?
labia minora
31
what structure develops from labioscrotal swelling in males?
scrotum
32
what structure develops from labioscrotal swelling in females?
labia majora
33
what structure contains the ovarian vessels?
suspensory ligament of the ovaries (connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall)
34
what structure contains the uterine vessels?
cardinal ligament (connects cervix to the side wall of pelvis)
35
what structure contains the artery of sampson and connects the uterine fundus to the labia majora?
Round ligament of the uterus
36
which anatomical structure is a derivative of the gubernaculum and travels through the round inguinal canal?
round ligament of the uterus
37
which structure connects the medial pole of the ovary to the lateral uterus?
ligament of the ovary
38
what type of epithelium does the vagina have?
stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized
39
name the type of epithelium: ectocervix
stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized
40
name the type of epithelium: endocervix
simple columnar epithelium
41
name the type of epithelium: uterus
simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified tubular glands
42
name the type of epithelium: fallopian tube (uterine tube)
simple columnar ciliated epithelium
43
name the type of epithelium: ovary
simple cuboidal epithelium
44
what structures are derived from the 3rd branchial pouch?
dorsal wings-develop into inferior parathyroids ventral wings- develop into thymus mnemonic "Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)"
45
what structures are derived from the 4th branchial pouch?
dorsal wings - develops into superior parathyroids mnemonic "Ear (1), Tonsils (2), bottom (3-inferior parathyroids)-To (3-thymus) -top (4-Superior parathyroids)"
46
what muscles are derived from the 4th branchial arch?
most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
47
Truncus arteriosus gives rise to what ?
ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
48
the bulbus cordis gives rise to what?
smooth parts (outflow tract) of Left & right ventricles
49
the primitive ventricle gives rise to what?
the trabeculated left and right ventricles
50
the primitive atria gives rise to what?
trabeculated left and right atria
51
the left horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?
coronary sinus
52
the right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?
smooth part of the right atrium
53
the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what?
SVC
54
the ligamentum teres hepatis is derived from what?
umbilical vein
55
the medial umbilical ligaments are derived from what?
umbilical arteries
56
the ligamentum arteriosum is derived from what?
the ductus arteriosus
57
the ligamentum venosum is derived from what?
the ductus venosus
58
the fossa ovalis is derived from what?
foramen ovale
59
the urachus-median umbilical ligament is derived from what?
the allantois
60
the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc is derived from what?
notochord
61
the first aortic arch develops into what?
part of the MAXillary artery (branch of the external carotid) mnemonic = 1st arch is MAXimal
62
the second aortic arch develops into what?
Stapedial artery & hyoid artery mnemonic = Second = Stapedial
63
the 3rd aortic arch develops into what?
Common Carotid artery & proximal part of internal Carotid artery mnemonic = C is 3rd letter of alphabet
64
the 4th aortic arch develops into what?
on the left: aortic arch on the right: proximal part of the right subclavian artery mnemonic = 4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic
65
the 6th aortic arch develops into what?
proximal part of pulmonary arteries & on the left only the ductus arteriosus
66
name the GI ligament: connects liver to anterior abdominal wall, contains the ligamentum teres hepatis (derivative of fetal umbilical vein), is a derivative of ventral mesentery
Falciform
67
name the GI ligament: contains the portal triad of proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct
hepatoduodenal (liver to duodenum)
68
name the GI ligament: contains the gastric arteries, may be cut during surgery to access lesser sac, separates the greater and lesser sacs on the right
gastrohepatic (liver to lesser curvature of stomach)
69
name the GI ligament: contains the gastroepiploic arteries, part of the greater omentum
gastrocolic (connects the greater curvature and transverse colon)
70
name the GI ligament: contains the splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas
Splenorenal ( connects spleen to posterior abdominal wall)

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