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Neuro Exam 1 > Embryology Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Embryology Development of the nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

how does the neural tube form

A

begins with the formation of the neural plate because of signals from the notochord

lateral edges of the neural plate elevate to form a neural groove
neural groove fuses forming the neural tube

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2
Q

when does the cranial neuropore close ? cauda

A

cranial on day 25

caudal day 27

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3
Q

what does the neural plate give rise to

A

CNS

neural crest cells

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4
Q

what does the neural tube give rise to specifically

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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5
Q

what do the neural crest cells gives rise to

A

PNS
sensory ganglia
autonomic ganglia

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6
Q

what do neural crest cells arise from and where do they migrate

A

neuroectoderm as the neural tube is closing

migrate into underlying mesoderm

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7
Q

what is the fate of cranial neural crest cells

A

bones, cartilage, fascia, ligaments and tendons of face, neck

sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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8
Q

what is the fate of spinal neural crest cells

A

dorsal root ganglia
autonomic ganglia

heart (fibrous skeleton)

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9
Q

what is the shared fate of cranial and spinal neural crest

A

meninges, schwann cells

melanocytes

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10
Q

what are the three layers that form in the neural tube

A

ventricular
mantle
marginal

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11
Q

what is the ventricular zone of the spinal cord in the embryo? adult?

A

embryo–> thick, pseudostratified epithelium called the neuroepithelium that will give rise to all the neurons and most glia of the spinal cord (neurogenesis)

adult–> composed of simple layer of ependymal cells

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12
Q

what is the mantle layer of the spinal cord
what does it form
what is it composed of

A

zone superficial to the neuroepithelium

composed of neuronal cell bodies

alar and basal plates

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13
Q

what do the alar plates form

A

sensory dorsal horn

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14
Q

what do the basal plates form

A

motor ventral horn

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15
Q

what is the marginal zone of the spinal cord in the embryo

A

outermost layer

composed of nerve processess (axons and dendrites)

forms white matter

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16
Q

what are neuroblasts derived from and what do they form

A

neuroepithelium

form ventral motor horn neurons and dorsal sensory horn neurons

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17
Q

what are the cells that form from neurogenesis

A

neuroblasts

gliablasts

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18
Q

what are gliablasts derived from and what do they from

A

form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

what is a spinal nerve

A

ventral + dorsal root

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20
Q

dorsal rami innervate what

A

muscles , skin and joints of the back

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21
Q

ventral rami innervate what

A

limbs, ventral body wall

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22
Q

what are DRG derived from

A

neural crest cells

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23
Q

what are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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24
Q

what are the 5 secondary vesicles of the developing brain

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
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25
what does the forebrain (prosencephalon) give rise to
telencephalon and diencephalon
26
what does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain give rise to)
metencephalon | myelencephalon
27
what are the three flexures of the developing brain
cervical cephalic pontine
28
what is the 4th ventricle in the developing brain
lumen of rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
29
what is the 3rd ventricle in the developing brain
lumen of diencephalon
30
what is the cerebral aqeduct in the developing brain
lumen of the mesencephalon
31
what is the lateral ventricle in the developing brain
lumen of the telencephalon
32
what is tela choroidea
pia mater + ependymal layer of cells it proliferates and invaginates into ventricles develops in roof of third and 4th ventricle and medial walls of lateral ventricles
33
what is different about gray matter structures ( alar and basal plates) in the brainstem of the developing embryo as compared to the spinal cord
gray matter structures are arranged into discrete nuclei as compared to the columns in the spinal cord also sensory nuclei are displaced laterally due to the pontine flexure
34
what does the telencephalon form in adult
cerebral hemispheres lateral ventricles
35
what does the diencephalon form in the adult
thalami third ventricle
36
what does the mesencephalon form in adult
midbrain aqueduct
37
what does the metecephalon form in the adult
pons and cerebellum upper part of 4th ventricle
38
what does the myelencephalon form in the adult
medulla lower part of 4th ventricle
39
what nerves are primarily associated with the myelencephalon
VIII XI X XII
40
because of rapid growth of the pons what forms
pontine flexure
41
what portion of the metencephalon fomrs the bulk of the pons
marginal layer
42
what CN's is the metencephalon primarily associated with
V VI VII VIII
43
what is the choroid plexus
specialized epithelial type that produces CSF forms from pia mater and ependymal cells early as week 5
44
what is the cerebellum formed from (it is part of the metencephalon) what is its growth pattern and how is this represented in the adult brain
formed from alar plates of metencephalon (rhombic lips) rhombic lips fuse with one another, forming the cerebellar plate waves of neuroblasts will migrate from the alar plate, through the marginal layer to form the outer cerebellar cortex thus GRAY matter is EXTERNAL and white matter is INTERNAL (with deeper nuclei within the white matter)
45
in general basal plates form what
motor nuclei
46
in general alar plates form what
sensory nuclei
47
what does the mesencephalon form and what CN's is it associated with
forms the midbrain CN's III and IV
48
what are the 5 main structures that are formed from the diencephalon
``` optic vesicles pineal gland thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland ```
49
what are the optic vesicles
primordium of optic nerve (CNII) and retina
50
the roofplate of the diencphalon will form what
epithalamus
51
what will the epithalamus (formed from diencephalon) form
contains the choroid plexus gives rise to pineal gland (melatonin)
52
what do the alar plates of the diencephalon give rise to
form two swellings separated by the hypothalamic sulcus superior swelling--> forms thalamus thalamic tissue bulges into the third ventricle in 70-80 % of people an interthalamic adhesion forms inferior swelling--> hypothalamus
53
what are the portions of the pituitary gland and what are they derived from
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) --> derived from a downgrowth of diencephalon neuroectoderm adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) --> derived from an upgrowth of oral ectoderm
54
what are the two structures formed from the telencephalon
(crebral hemispheres) | corpus striatum
55
how does the cortex form
neurons destined to form the cerebral cortex migrate along radial glial cells to form outer gray matter (migrate through marginal layer) the youngest cells form the most external layer gray matter is superficial and white matter is deep continued growth of the cortex during the final part of fetal life forms convolutions (gyri) separated by fissures (sulcI)
56
what does the corpus striatum (formed from telencephalon) form as
forms as a swelling within the floor of cerebral hemispheres
57
spina bifida
A spinal neural tube defect occulta--> no neural involvement just vertebral arch failure to close posteriorly cystic --> neural involvment meningocele--> just meniges meningomyelocele--> meninges, CSF, spinal cord
58
what are the brain neural tube defects caused by
failures of cephalic portion of the neural tube to close
59
meroencephaly
anencephaly --> failure of the brain to form
60
what is cranioarchischisis
closure defeect of neural tube extends into spinal cord
61
what is microcephaly
small cranium (typically caused by brain underdevelopment forebrain doesn't form quite good enough and neuropore doesnt' close
62
what is encephalocele
failure of neural tube and cranium to fully close posteriorly --> allowing portions of the CNS to protrude through and form a "Cyst-like" structure at the base of the skull
63
what is meningoencephalocele
meninges and part of brain bulge through defect
64
what is meningohydroencephalocele
meninges, brain and part of ventricular system bulge through defect
65
what is congenital hydrocephalus
Increased CSF within the ventricles , resulting from imbalance between production and absorption results in dilation of ventricles proximal to the obstruction because sutures have not yet fused, the skull expands often produces thinning of bones of calvaria
66
what are the two most common sites for lesions in obstructive hydrocephalus
interventricular foramina (of monro) cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius)
67
how do you treat hydrocephalus
cannula/shunt into the lateral ventricle one-way valve to prevent reflux of blood or peritoneal fluid and control CSF pressure drainage tube may be introduced into peritoneum
68
Arnold-Chiari syndrome
herniation of cerebellar hemispheres (finger-like protrusion of cerebellum) through the foramen magnum --> usually due to underdevelopment of posterior cranial fossa often associated with spina bifida cystica symptoms include headaches, ataxia, cardio/resp defects
69
what is holoprosencephaly
rare, severe anomaly resulting from failure of the forebrain neural tube to form the cerebral hemispheres. The forebrain is underdeveloped, lateral ventricles fused

Neuro Exam 1 (9 decks)

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