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Neuro-Endo Exam 1 > Embryology of the Pharyngeal Apparatus > Flashcards

Embryology of the Pharyngeal Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

The Pharyngeal Apparatus consists of arches, pouches, grooves, and membranes. Each of these components contribute to the formation of what 5 general structures?

A

Nasal Cavities

Mouth

Larync

Pharynx

Neck

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2
Q

Which of the following weeks do pharyngeal arches start developing?

A. Week 2

B. Week 3

C. Week 4

D. Week 6

A

Week 4

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3
Q

The frist pair of pharyngeal arches are the primordial ______ and appear lateral to the developing pharynx.

A

Primordial Jaw

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4
Q

Each pharyngeal arch has a core made of mesoderm and mesenchyme. What are the cell sources of each?

A

Head mesoderm: Paraxial Mesoderm

Mesenchyme: Neural Crest cells

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5
Q

The regulation of the pharyngeal arch development is strongly influenced by the _________.

A. Pharyngeal ectoderm

B. Pharyngeal mesenchyme

C. Pharyngeal endoderm

D. All of the above

A

Pharyngeal endoderm

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6
Q

What happens one pharyngeal arches are formed?

A. They support the medial walls of primordial pharynx

B. They support the lateral wall of primordial pharynx

C. THey give rise to prominances of tissue that add to craniofacial development

D. B and C

A

B. They support the lateral wall of primordial pharynx

C. THey give rise to prominances of tissue that add to craniofacial development

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7
Q

Which of the following forms the head’s connective tissue including the dermis and smooth muscle?

A. Prechordal plate mesoderm

B. Lateral Plate mesoderm

C. Neural Crest Cell derived mesenchyme

D. Paraxial mesoderm

A

Neural Crest Cell derived mesenchyme

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8
Q

Which of the following forms the skeletal musculature of the pharyngeal arch?

A. Prechordal plate mesoderm

B. Lateral Plate mesoderm

C. Neural Crest Cell derived mesenchyme

D. Paraxial mesoderm

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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9
Q

Which of the following forms angioblasts that become endothelium of vessels?

A. Prechordal plate mesoderm

B. Lateral Plate mesoderm

C. Neural Crest Cell derived mesenchyme

D. Paraxial mesoderm

A

Lateral Plate mesoderm

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10
Q

Which of the following forms specifically becomes extraocular muscles like Orbicularis Oris M.?

A. Prechordal plate mesoderm

B. Lateral Plate mesoderm

C. Neural Crest Cell derived mesenchyme

D. Paraxial mesoderm

A

Prechordal plate mesoderm

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11
Q

Which of the following is true and MUST BE KNOWN about the pharyngeal arch structures?

A. Cartilagenous rod forms the skeletal components

B. Muscular components becomes head and neck muscles

C. Cranial nerves give sensory and motor components

D. Arch arteries are from Truncus Arteriosus of the primordial heart and passs around the primordial pharynx to enter the dorsal aorta

E. All of the above

A

A. Cartilagenous rod forms the skeletal components

B. Muscular components becomes head and neck muscles

C. Cranial nerves give sensory and motor components

D. Arch arteries are from Truncus Arteriosus of the primordial heart and passs around the primordial pharynx to enter the dorsal aorta

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12
Q

Which of the following is the name of the cartilage of pharyngeal arch 1? What structure does the dorsal portion and ventral portion become?

A. Meckel’s Cartilage

B. Riechert’s Cartilage

C. Pharyngeal Cartilage 1

D. Pharyngeal Cartilage 3

A

A. Meckel’s Cartilage

Dorsal: Malleus and Incus

Ventral: PRimordium of mandible

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13
Q

The perichondirum of Meckel’s cartilage becomes all of the following ligements, EXCEPT for which of the following that belongs to riechert’s?

A. Anterior L. of Malleus

B. Sphenomandibular L.

C. Stylohyoid L.

D. None

A

Stylohyoid L.

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14
Q

What 4 structures come from Pharyngeal Arch 2, Riechert’s cartilage?

Dorsal portion:

Ventral portion:

Perichondrium:

A

Dorsal portion: Stapes and Styloid process of Temporal B.

Ventral portion: Lesser horn of Hyoid B.

Perichondrium: Stylohyoid L.

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15
Q

Which of the following arches cartilage directly ossifies and becomes the Greater Cornu of Hyoid B.?

A. Pharyngeal Arch 1

B. Pharyngeal Arch 2

C. Pharyngeal Arch 3

D. Pharyngeal Arch 4 and 6

A

Pharyngeal Arch 3

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16
Q

Both Pharyngeal Arch 4 and 6 form the laryngeal cartilage, with pharyngeal arch 4 also forming what structure thatmakes it unique? What is it’s cellular origin?

A

Epiglottis

Neural Crest Cell Derived

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17
Q

Pharyngeal Arch musculature is derived from paraxial mesoderm and prechordal plate. Which muscles arises from PA 2? (select all that apply)

A. Stapedius M.

B. Muscles of Facial expression

C. Cricothyroid, Levator Veli Palatini, and constrictors of pharynx (CN X)

D. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx (CN X)

E. Stylopharyngeus M. (CN IX)

A

A. Stapedius M.

B. Muscles of Facial expression

18
Q

Pharyngeal Arch musculature is derived from paraxial mesoderm and prechordal plate. Which muscles arises from PA 3? (select all that apply)

A. Stapedius M.

B. Muscles of Facial expression

C. Cricothyroid, Levator Veli Palatini, and constrictors of pharynx (CN X)

D. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx (CN X)

E. Stylopharyngeus M. (CN IX)

A

Stylopharyngeus M. (CN IX)

19
Q

Pharyngeal Arch musculature is derived from paraxial mesoderm and prechordal plate. Which muscles arises from PA 4? (select all that apply)

A. Stapedius M.

B. Muscles of Facial expression

C. Cricothyroid, Levator Veli Palatini, and constrictors of pharynx (CN X)

D. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx (CN X)

E. Stylopharyngeus M. (CN IX)

A

Cricothyroid, Levator Veli Palatini, and constrictors of pharynx (CN X)

20
Q

Pharyngeal Arch musculature is derived from paraxial mesoderm and prechordal plate. Which muscles arises from PA 6? (select all that apply)

A. Stapedius M.

B. Muscles of Facial expression

C. Cricothyroid, Levator Veli Palatini, and constrictors of pharynx (CN X)

D. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx (CN X)

E. Stylopharyngeus M. (CN IX)

A

Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx (CN X)

21
Q

What cranial N. supplies the musculature that comes from the 4th and 6th arches?

A. Facial N

B. Trigeminal N.

C. Vagus N.

D. Glossopharyngeal N.

A

Vagus N.

22
Q

T/F: The arteries that come off the 1st and 3rd arches are bilateral while the 4th and 6th are assymetrical

A

True

23
Q

The Pharyngeal Pouches are _______ located and made of pharyngeal __________, while the Grooves are ________ located and made of pharyngeal __________.

A

The Pharyngeal Pouches are internally located and made of pharyngeal endoderm, while the Grooves are externally located and made of pharyngeal ectoderm.

24
Q

Where are the first pair of pharyngeal pouches found?

A. Superior to 1st arch

B. Between 1st and 2nd arch

C. Between 2nd and 3rd arch

D. Within the 1st arch

A

Between 1st and 2nd arch

25
Q

Birth defects are most common at which of the following locations?

A. 1st Pouch

B. 1st Groove

C. 2nd Pouch

D. 2nd Groove

A

2nd Groove

26
Q

The 1st groove becomes the ______________ while grooves 2-4 are found within the ___________ before grooves 2-4 completely going away. .

A. Internal acoustic meatus; Sigmoid sinus

B. External acoustic meatus; Cervical Sinus

C. External acoustic meatus; superior concha

D. Internal acoustic meatus; ethmoid sinus

A

External acoustic meatus; Cervical Sinus

27
Q

Which of the following correctly describes cervical cysts?

A. A mobile remnant of cervical sinus remains and doesn’t completely close and is found inferior to angle of the mandible

B. Failure of cervical sinus and 2nd/3rd groove to disentigrate completely typically found bilaterally

C. Persistance of the 2nd puoch and groove that forms an abnormal canal or opening into the tonsilar sinus

D. None of the above

A

A mobile remnant of cervical sinus remains and doesn’t completely close and is found inferior to angle of the mandible

28
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Cervical Fistula?

A. A mobile remnant of cervical sinus remains and doesn’t completely close and is found inferior to angle of the mandible

B. Failure of cervical sinus and 2nd/3rd groove to disentigrate completely typically found bilaterally

C. Persistance of the 2nd puoch and groove that forms an abnormal canal or opening into the tonsilar sinus

D. None of the above

A

Persistance of the 2nd puoch and groove that forms an abnormal canal or opening into the tonsilar sinus

29
Q

Pharyngeal membranes are where the pouch endoderm meets the groove ectoderm and is quickly inflitrated by mesenchyme.This interaction forms developing structures. Specifically, when the 1st pharyngeal membrane and intervening mesenchyme comes together, what structure forms?

A

Tympanic Membrane

30
Q

All of the following structures are formed from the 1st pharyngeal pouch, EXCEPT which of the following that is formed from the 2nd pouch?

A. Tonsils

B. Tympanic Cavity

C. Mastoid Antrum

D. Auditory tube (Pharyngeotympanic tube)

A

Tonsils

31
Q

Which of the following pouches is responsible for forming the inferior parathyroid gland dorsally and the thymus ventrally?

A. Pouch 1

B. Pouch 2

C. Pouch 3 and 4

D. Pouch 3

E. Pouch 4

A

Pouch 3

32
Q

Which of the following pouches is responsible for forming the ultimobranchial body that eventually fuses with the thyroid gland to create parafollicular cells? What other structure does this pouch form?

A. Pouch 1

B. Pouch 2

C. Pouch 3 and 4

D. Pouch 3

E. Pouch 4

A

Pouch 4

Superior Parathyroid gland

33
Q

Why is it that the 3rd Pouch forms the inferior parathyroid gland while the 4th pouch forms the superior parathyroid gland?

A

The movements of the head and neck that are occuring at the same time cause 3 to be pulled down, while the 4th stays in the same location

34
Q

The thymus comes from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch (endoderm) comprised of epithelial cords with 3 functions. Complete the following in order to prove you know those fates/functions.

  1. Grow into surrounding mesenchyme to become thymic _________
  2. Rearrange arounf a central point to form thymic ________
  3. Form an epithelium reticulum for housing _________
A
  1. Grow into surrounding mesenchyme to become thymic lobules
  2. Rearrange arounf a central point to form thymic corpuscles
  3. Form an epithelium reticulum for housing lymphocytes
35
Q

What is the first endocrine to form?

A. Submandibular Primordium

B. Sublingual Primordium

C. Thyroid Primordium

D. Parathyroid Primordium

A

Thyorid Primordium

36
Q

Which of the following is true of the Thyorid Primordium, EXCEPT?

A. First endocrine gland to form

B. An arch Derivative

C. Forms from the median endodermal thickening of primordial pharynx floor

D. Connected to the tongue by the Thyroglossal duct that eventually disentigrates

E. All of the above are true

A

An arch Derivative

37
Q

First Pharyngeal Arch Syndrome refers to abnormal development of the components of the first arch, often resulting in malformation of the eyes, ears, mandible, and palate. Which of the following best characterizes why this occurs?

A. Mutations in Treacher Collins-Franschetti syndrome Gene 1 (TCOF1)

B. Insufficient migration of Neural Crest cells into the 1st arch during week 6

C. Failed migration of mesoderm and mesenchyme

D. Insufficient migration of Neural crest cells into the 1st arch during week 4

A

Insufficient migration of Neural crest cells into the 1st arch during week 4

38
Q

Treacher-Collins Syndrome (Mandibulofacial Dystosis) presents with malar hypoplasia with down slanting palpebral fissures, defects in lower eyelides, deformed ears. It is an Autosomal Dominant Disorder that mutates the TCOF1, which encodes for the TREACLE protein involved in ribosome biogenesis. Which of the following best describes what this mutation leads to?

A. Abborant migration of NCC into the first pharyngeal arch

B. Decreased apoptosis of cranial NCC causing overabundance of NCCs

C. Increased apoptosis of cranial NCC

D. None of the above

E. All of the above are right depending on where the gene is truncated

A

Increased apoptosis of cranial NCC

39
Q

Pierre Robin sequence typically occurs de novo amd is associated with hypoplasia of the mandible. cleft palate, and defects of the eyes and ears. This issue is also related to promblems with neural crest development.

A

Cool

40
Q

Thyroid Hemiagenesis is the semi-absence of the thyoid gland, that usually results in affecting the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone. What lobe is most commonly absent?

A

Left Lobe of the Thyroid

41
Q

T/F: DiGeorge Syndrome is the breakdown of signalling from the Pharyngeal Arches to NCC that causes the agenesis of thymus and parathyroid glands

A

True

Neuro-Endo Exam 1 (17 decks)

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