EMER 108 Health and Safety

Question 1

Biomedical waste

Answer 1

refers to a portion of medical wastes that require special precautions due to the waste being:
Infectious
Sharps
Cytotoxic
Especially sensitive due to the nature of the waste (i.e., human body parts)

Question 2

Sanitation

Answer 2

removal of pathogenic microorganisms from inanimate (non-human) articles by mechanical or chemical means

Question 3

Canadian Forces (CF) Protective Ensemble

Answer 3

One-piece multi-layer protective system that has a layer of activated carbon in the foam

The outer layer has a liquid repellent fabric

Question 4

treatment for Episodic acute stress

Answer 4

interventions on a number of levels and professionals help

Question 5

Biological Agents

Answer 5

can be almost completely undetectable

Most of these diseases caused by these agents will be similar to other minor illnesses commonly seen by EMS

grouped as viruses, bacteria, and neurotoxins

Question 6

chlamydia

Answer 6

Women remain asymptomatic

Sexual contact
Treated with antibiotics

gloves

Question 7

Social integration:

Answer 7

concept used to describe number of social roles that you have and lack of isolation

Question 8

Genital herpes

Answer 8

Chronic

Generally transmitted through oral secretions
Or
Sexual contact

gloves

Question 9

Standard Operating Procedures

Answer 9

deal with potentially violent incidents

They are specific procedures for response to drug labs, civil disturbances and hostage or barricade incidents

Question 10

what are Systemic effects

Answer 10

neurological, cardiovascular, renal and heptic effects

Often develop overtime

Question 11

Local effect

Answer 11

see effects immediately at site

Question 12

The goals of Crisis Intervention are to:

Answer 12

Relieve the anxiety of crisis event

Facilitate recovery processes in typical individuals who are experiencing typical reactions to an atypical situation or event

Return to normal, adaptive functioning

Question 13

when did nutrition labels become mandatory

Answer 13

December 12, 2007

Question 14

Parasite

Answer 14

line in or on another living creature and take advantage of host by feeding off its cells and tissues

Question 15

Hepatitis D

Answer 15

Requires host to have HBV for infection to occur

Percutaneous exposure

Gloves
Don’t go through pockets of iv drug users

Question 16

Communicability

Answer 16

How easily the disease is able to spread from one human to another.

Question 17

3 main ways to manage anger:

Answer 17

Emotions
Thinking pattern
Behaviors

Question 18

Required sleep

Answer 18

Toddlers: 11-14 hours a night 
Preschoolers: 10-13 hours a night 
School-aged children: 9-11 hours a night 
Teens: 8-10 hours a night 
Adults: 7-9 hours a night 
Older adults: 7-8 hours a night

Question 19

Measles

Answer 19

Common in children: Viral

Airborne: Inhalation of droplets

Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 20

Importance of health relationships

Answer 20

Affect mental health, behavioral choices and overall physical health
Healthy relationship usually leads to healthy choices
Can directly affect menta health by reducing impact of stress

Question 21

triage RPM

Answer 21

respiration
profusion/circulation
mental status

Question 22

Insomnia

Answer 22

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
More common in woman
Associated with poor sleep habits
Treatment focuses on relaxation, sleep habits and pharmacology

Question 23

Unintentional tort

Answer 23

negligence

Question 24

Metabolic Agents Treatment

Answer 24

Amyl Nitrite

Question 25

Pragmatism

Answer 25

Suggestions must be practical in order to work

Question 26

4 levels of PPE

Answer 26

Level A Level B Level C Level D

Question 27

Liability or responsibility

Answer 27

when a person experiences an injury, it must be determined who was responsible

Question 28

Changes in your body due to stress

Answer 28

``` Tense muscles Rapid breathing and heart rate Headaches Difficulties sleeping well Fatigue Changes in sex drive Weaker immune system ```

Question 29

Metabolic Agents: Signs and Symptoms

Answer 29

``` High does of cyanide will produce following symptoms: Shortness of breath and gasping respirations Tachypnea Flushed skin Tachycardia Altered mental status Seizures Coma Apnea Cardiac arrest Apear within several minutes Death likely to occur if pt isn’t treated quickly ```

Question 30

how many sleeping disorders are there

Answer 30

80 sleep disorders

Question 31

Rubella

Answer 31

Viral (German Measles) Airborne: inhalation of droplets Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 32

neurotoxin treatment

Answer 32

respiratory and cardiovascular support

Question 33

G Agents

Answer 33

Developed by Germans for WWI AND WWII 3 G series agents

Question 34

BLACK triage

Answer 34

do not have a pulse and are not breathin

Question 35

Surface-active agents

Answer 35

sometimes called surfactants or wetting agents decrease the tension between molecules and allow a liquid to spread evenly and thoroughly wet a solid surface

Question 36

decontamination

Answer 36

removes or neutralizes the contaminants will always occur in the warm zone

Question 37

Microbiology Laboratory Wastes

Answer 37

consist of all microbiology laboratory cultures (whether positive or negative), stocks or specimens of microorganisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human or animal cell cultures used in research, as well as laboratory material that has come into contact with such

Question 38

Chain of Infection

Answer 38

A break in any of the links of the Chain of Infection will result in no infection occurring

Question 39

physical activity requirements

Answer 39

adults require min 2.5 hrs of moderate to vigorous activity per week strengthening 2 days a week children 5-17 min of 60mins per day of moderate to vigorous activity every day strengthening 3 exercises per week

Question 40

low level disinfectant:

Answer 40

should kill vegetative bacteria and lipid viruses

Question 41

Nerve Agents: Signs and Symptoms and Treatment SLUDGEM DUMBELS

Answer 41

``` S – Salivation L – Lacrimation U – Urination D – Defecation G - GI Distress E - Emesis M - Miosis ``` ``` D – Defecation U – Urination M - Miosis B - Bradycardia, Bronchorrhea, Bronchoconstriction E - Emesis L – Lacrimation S – Salivation ```

Question 42

The documentation of crime scene should also include things such as:

Answer 42

Nature of call How access was gained Condition of the scene on access - Obvious signs (e.g. furniture moved, signs of forced entry, broken glass, etc.) - Lights on or off - Windows/doors open or closed Anyone present ``` Circumstances surrounding patient(s) -Position on arrival Condition of clothing -Extent of injury -Items found in vicinity / on the patient (purse, wallet, cell phone, jewelry, etc.) ``` Who entered the scene and how What was disturbed, touched or moved (how and why) – you may need to make a sketch If the patient was moved—how and why; what their original position was Anything that appears “not right” or out of place avoid documenting entrance or exit wounds or how you think they got there, even if there is a weapon in view

Question 43

radiological attack Indicators of high level exposure are:

Answer 43

Localized burns with no apparent cause | Group of individuals with nausea and vomiting or abnormal blood counts and no noted disease cause

Question 44

Human Anatomical Waste

Answer 44

any waste that consists of human tissues, organs, and body parts, including those parts that have been preserved, but excludes teeth, hair, and nails

Question 45

Reservoirs:

Answer 45

place in which infectious agents live, grow and reproduce People Water Food

Question 46

4 types of supportive behaviors and describe them

Answer 46

Emotional Expressions of empathy, love, trust and caring Instrumental Tangible aid and service Informational Advice, suggestions and info Appraisal Info that is useful for self evaluation

Question 47

Red or Hot

Answer 47

(contamination) zone PPE All inside are considered contaminated

Question 48

Fungi

Answer 48

similar to bacteria in that they can grow rapidly innthe precense of nutrients and organic material

Question 49

Tort

Answer 49

the wrongful act that gives rise to a civil suit

Question 50

Microbiology Chemical Wastes container

Answer 50

yellow biohazard symbol

Question 51

Acute stress

Answer 51

Most common form Comes from demands and pressures of recent and past Thrilling and exciting in small doses Overdoing short term stress can cause psychological distress, tension headaches, upset stomach etc

Question 52

Botulinum Toxin results

Answer 52

affects the nervous systems ability to function Voluntary muscle control will diminish as the toxin spreads cause muscle paralysis that begins at the head and face and travels downward through the body accessory muscles and diaphragm will become paralyzed and the patient will go into respiratory arrest

Question 53

Vesicants (Blister Agents) skin sign and symptoms

Answer 53

``` Burning, reddening Pain Large blisters Grey discoloration  Lewisite and Phosgene Oxime Swollen or closed eyes Blindness ```

Question 54

tetanus

Answer 54

Toxoid Common in agricultural area with animal waste Found in intestines of horses and other animals Puncture wound Contaminated street drugs Gloves Teatnus booster every 10 years

Question 55

steps to solve difficult problems

Answer 55

``` Step 1: how to know if you have a problem Step 2: what is the problem Step 3: how will I know when I get there Step 4: Possible solutions Step 5: What’s the best solution Step 6: put your solution into action Step 7: check up on your progress ```

Question 56

behaviors that promote sleep

Answer 56

Finding a room temperature that is comfortable for you Minimize noise if the sound is keeping you awake Playing soft music or white noise Darken room Develop a bedtime routine Go to bed when feeling tired not before Avoid excessive mental stimulation just before bed Avoid day time naps if interfering with night sleep Void just before bed Relax before bed with bath or reading Limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine from the later afternoon on Have a light snack, not a big meal before bed Avoid strenuous exercise just before bed If have pain take analgesic 20-30 minutes prior to bed If necessary, medication ( herbal or prescription)

Question 57

rout of exposure for sarin tabun soman V agent

Answer 57

sarin: Respiratory, Skin tabun: Contact and vapour hazard soman: Skin, min vapour hazard v agent:Skin, no vapour hazard unless aerosolized

Question 58

4 Moments for Hand Hygiene

Answer 58

before initial patient/patient environment contact before an aseptic procedure after body fluid exposure risk after patient contact/ patient environment contact

Question 59

Tuberculosis

Answer 59

Bacterial lung infection Airborne Gloves, goggles, masks & gowns, testing

Question 60

Cover/Concealment

Answer 60

over is something that could potentially stop a bullet or an edged weapon from hurting you i.e., Brick wall, engine block of a car. Concealment is something that you can hide behind i.e., Bush’s, an overturned table. Taking cover is finding a position that both hides and protects your body from projectiles.

Question 61

Moment of inertia

Answer 61

property of an object to resist changes in angular motion

Question 62

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 62

Due to obstruction of upper airway Causes related to age, obesity, gender, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, family history Treatment is CPAP machine while sleeping

Question 63

2 basic Subunits of Law

Answer 63

Substantive Law Procedural law

Question 64

Critical incident

Answer 64

any incident that overwhelms ability of someone to cope with the experience

Question 65

Sharps Waste

Answer 65

yellow biohazard symbol and cytotoxic symbol when necessary

Question 66

what is social wellbeing

Answer 66

``` not afraid to trust and we treat others with respect and consideration companionship a social support system emotional support encouragement guidance ```

Question 67

Sharps Wastes and disposal

Answer 67

consists of any objects that can penetrate the skin or have or are likely to have come in contact with infectious agents Immediate disposal in a puncture-resistant sharps container that is clearly marked as a biohazard

Question 68

Biomedical waste is comprised of, but not limited to, the following categories: 

Answer 68

``` Cytotoxic Chemical Wastes  Human Anatomical Wastes  Human Blood and Body Fluids Wastes  Microbiology Laboratory Wastes  Sharps Wastes ```

Question 69

Received Social Support

Answer 69

“actual receipt of support or helping behaviours from others” Helps relieve stress May not be considered helpful if it’s unwanted

Question 70

neurotoxins signs and symptoms of inhalation exposure

Answer 70

``` Fever Chill Nausea Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat Profuse sweating Headache Muscle aches Nonproductive cough Chest pain Dyspnea Pulmonary edema Severe lung inflammation Cyanosis Convulsions Respiratory failure ```

Question 71

false imprisonment

Answer 71

a person is intentionally and unjustifiably detained against their will If paramedic transports a patient without the patient’s consent or uses restraints in a wrongful manner

Question 72

factors that affect sleep

Answer 72

sleeping disorders, depression, illness, pain, medication, and hormonal changes elderly woman are most afffected

Question 73

Environment hazards

Answer 73

Weather: snow or ice covered surfaces, rain, or storms Terrain issues: mud, rocks, etc. Illumination difficulties: nighttime, power outages Difficulty accessing scene Unstable structures, surfaces, or environments – may be buildings, vehicles, work sites, etc.

Question 74

When to change social support network

Answer 74

Not enough support | Change in lifestyle

Question 75

Basic Extrication Principles

Answer 75

Assessment process for transferring, lifting and repositioning of patients Preparation Process for transferring, lifting or repositioning a patient

Question 76

Factors that may allow violence

Answer 76

``` Disrespect Med changes Gang activity Involuntary transport Hunger Loss of employment Lack of privacy Police presence Drug or alcohol abuse Medical causes ```

Question 77

v agent (vx)

Answer 77

Clear oily agent that has no odour and looks like baby oil. VX is 100 times more lethal than Sarin and is extremely persistent. In the right conditions, VX can remain unchanged for weeks to months.

Question 78

Hepatitis E

Answer 78

50% of hepititas cases in developing countries Fecal- oral route gloves

Question 79

mindfulness: attention | curiosity

Answer 79

Attention: take time to focus on physical sensations, thoughts, environment around us Curiosity: we notice things that come to our attention without judging; interested in the experience without trying to change

Question 80

Innovation 

Answer 80

Be creative to manage different situations

Question 81

Describe Situations where Emergency Evacuation May be Required

Answer 81

done without the aid of an assistive device either due to the urgency of the situation or to reduce or prevent further injury Fire or danger of fire. The danger of explosion or the presence of hazardous materials. Unsecured accident scene. The patient’s position prevents you from giving lifesaving care

Question 82

High Risk PPE- Trained Observer Donning Sequence

Answer 82

``` Hand hygiene Shoe/boot covers Hand hygiene Nitrile gloves Surgical gown Full face shield Extended cuff nitrile gloves Inspection ```

Question 83

Components of Social Support

Answer 83

Perceived social support | Received Social Support

Question 84

Disadvantages of Chlorine Based Disinfectants

Answer 84

Corrosive to metals and degrades plastics and rubber Must be diluted fresh daily Unpleasant odor and irritating to skin and eyes Inactivated by organic matter Only sporadical at high concentrations Spoils clothes if accidentally spilled

Question 85

Vesicants (Blister Agents) respiratory sign and symptoms

Answer 85

Hoarseness or stridor Severe cough Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) Severe Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

Question 86

Symptoms of burnout include:

Answer 86

``` Chronic fatigue Irritability Negative attitudes Lack of desire to work Changes in sleep patterns Emotional instability Feeling of hopelessness Loss of interest in hobbies Constant aches and pains Anxious Panicky Demanding ```

Question 87

Angular kinetics

Answer 87

the forces which produce changes in angular motion

Question 88

court of first instance

Answer 88

Regardless of the type of case being brought forward, it will always be heard in a Court Of First Instance, hence the name A ruling will be made by the judge in question which shall be the final verdict in the case given a preponderance of the evidence

Question 89

chronic stress

Answer 89

Grinding stress that wears people away Comes when a person never sees a way out of a miserable situation Gives up searching for solutions People get used to it Kills through suicide, violence, heart attack, stroke and perhaps even cancer

Question 90

Lyme disease

Answer 90

Bacterium spread by tick bites Affects skin, heart, joints and nervous system Not transmitted from person to person Long sleeve shirt and pants in tick infested areas Insecticides Inspection of exposed skin

Question 91

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents) signs and symptoms

Answer 91

``` Shortness of Breath (SOB) Chest tightness Hoarseness Stridor Gasping Coughing Nausea ```

Question 92

Distress stress

Answer 92

negative stress Detrimental effect on health Causes anxiety, concern, decreased performance and can lead to mental and physical problems

Question 93

negative impacts of shift work on health

Answer 93

Family and friend relationships – missed special events or holidays, responsibilities shifted to a spouse that does not work shift work which can cause relationship strain Anxiety and depression Increase in gastrointestinal disorders – may be due to eating habits while at work Reduced quality and quantity of sleep Constant fatigue Increased risk for cardiovascular disorders such as angina, hypertension and heart attack Disruption of circadian rhythm

Question 94

hot zone warm zone cold zone

Answer 94

Hot Zone – Where the contaminate is Warm Zone – Where decontamination occurs Cold Zone – Clean area where treatment can occur

Question 95

sleep apnea

Answer 95

When anindividual stops breathing for 10 secs or more while sleeping

Question 96

2 forms of stress

Answer 96

eustress and distress

Question 97

Portals of exit

Answer 97

ways in which infectious agent leaves the reservoir Blood Secretions Excretions Skin

Question 98

4 dimensions of mental health

Answer 98

Thoughts Body reactions Behaviors emotions

Question 99

Bubonic/Pneumonic Plague

Answer 99

from rodents and fleas infects the lymphatic system -patient’s lymph nodes become infected and grow can spread through the body leading to sepsis and death  not contagious

Question 100

Section 34 of the Canadian Criminal Code  Factors 

Answer 100

the court will review the incident in its entirety and see if the actions you took to remove yourself from the incident were reasonable in nature.

Question 101

treatment for chronic stress

Answer 101

may include extended medical and behavioural treatment

Question 102

Donning Sequence - Low Risk

Answer 102

``` Hand hygiene Surgical gown Mask Full face shield Nitrile gloves ```

Question 103

Advantages of Chlorine Based Disinfectants

Answer 103

Economical and readily available Rapid antibacterial action Kills tubercle bacilli and viruses Effective in diluted solutions

Question 104

The factors that will affect your decision of how and when the patient will be moved, as well as which device, if any to be used are:

Answer 104

The patient’s medical condition The treatment being given The need for urgency. The environmental situation. Ambient temperature. Risk of fire, explosion, violence, etc. Device accessibility The number of trained partners available.

Question 105

The Principles of Crisis Intervention are:

Answer 105

``` Simplicity Brevity Innovation Pragmatism Proximity Immediacy Expectancy ```

Question 106

changes in your thoughts due to stress

Answer 106

Struggling to concentrate, remember or make decisions Losing your self-confidence Having a negative attitude towards yourself and your life

Question 107

results of ricin

Answer 107

causes pulmonary edema, respiratory and circulatory failure leading to death symptoms don't show for 4-8hrs

Question 108

social inequality

Answer 108

society’s resources unequally distributed

Question 109

CBRNE incident indicators:

Answer 109

Group of individuals displaying unusual behavior, sign, and symptoms or unexplained illness Fogs or clouds and an unusual odour Devices or packages that have been abandoned Unexplained pools of fluid Dead animals An explosion

Question 110

Influenza

Answer 110

Viral Direct & Indirect contact with droplets on surfaces and washing hands Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 111

Sleep problems

Answer 111

``` Trouble falling asleep Trouble staying asleep Early morning waking Behaviors that interfere with sleep Sleeping too much or for too long Excessive sleepiness Excessive fatigue ```

Question 112

triage RPM respiration

Answer 112

Reposition head to clear airway If respirations don’t return, mark as black tag If patient begins breathing after reposition mark as red immeddiate Respirations over 30 mark as red immediate If respirations are below 30 proceed to profusion assessment

Question 113

Level B PPE

Answer 113

Chemical resistant suit with its own air supply (SCBA) but does not have as high vapour protection as Level A Can be encapsulating or non-fully with only a hood

Question 114

forming stage of team development

Answer 114

period of orientation and getting acquainted with one another

Question 115

Mindfulness

Answer 115

is simple act of recognizing what’s going on inside of ourselves and what’s going on around us

Question 116

define wellness

Answer 116

an individual's physical, mental, spiritual, social and cultural well-being Wellness also means improving quality of life.

Question 117

Infectious agents

Answer 117

microorganisms capable of causing disease or illness Bacteria Fungi Parasites Prions

Question 118

define social support

Answer 118

Physical and emotional support given to you by your family, friends, coworkers and others

Question 119

Slander

Answer 119

verbally making a false statement that injures a person’s good name

Question 120

Disinfecting

Answer 120

rapidly kills or inactivates most infectious diseases should not be used as a general cleaning agent eliminates virtually all recognized pathogens but not necessarily all microbial forms

Question 121

libel

Answer 121

making a false statement in the written form that injures a person’s good name

Question 122

ten ways to defuse incidents with abusive patients:

Answer 122

Respect All Individuals' Personal Space Be Aware of Your Own Body Position Be Empathic to Others' Feelings Keep Nonverbal Cues Nonthreatening Ignore Challenging Questions Set and Enforce Reasonable Limits Permit Verbal Venting When Possible Identify Real Reason for the Behaviour Stay Composed, Avoid Overreacting Use Physical Techniques Only as a Last Resort

Question 123

Radiological Attack:

Answer 123

can only be detected with specialized detection devices Only high levels will cause immediate effects

Question 124

Alcohols as Disinfectants

Answer 124

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) are the only two alcohols useful as disinfectants

Question 125

Preparation Process for transferring, lifting or repositioning a patient

Answer 125

Assess the need for assistance: Ensure the patient is transferred the shortest possible distance:  Eliminate or manage environmental risks: Prepare the equipment: Eliminate or manage personal risks: Eliminate or manage patient risks:

Question 126

HIV/AIDS

Answer 126

Destroys the immune system Bloodborne & located in some bodily fluids Gloves, goggles, post-exposure prophylaxis

Question 127

Human Anatomical Waste container

Answer 127

red Biohazard Symbol

Question 128

Patient awareness

Answer 128

always remember patient has ability to harm you either physically or with weapon

Question 129

General Waste

Answer 129

Items that have had contact with blood, exudates, or secretions but are not saturated or dripping with blood do not require segregation, labeling, or special transport and disposal procedures

Question 130

Why CBRNE Agents | Often chosen for acts of terror

Answer 130

CBRNE agents are often cheap to construct The materials are readily available Little weaponry knowledge is required to construct due to the widespread information on the internet The effects of the incidents reach further than a traditional shooting or bombing. It may only kill or injury few, but it creates terror in thousands They are difficult to detect with traditional screening methods There is a time lag between activation and release allowing the perpetrator time to escape Can be used as an indicator of an impending attack

Question 131

factors that contribute to physical health

Answer 131

``` adequate nutrition following Canada’s Food Guide regular exercise smoke-free environments limiting alcohol consumption adequate sleep safety regarding injury, falls, and poisoning infection control measures seeking medical help when required ```

Question 132

Adult gangs in Saskatchewan include the following:

Answer 132

``` Native Syndicate Indian Posse Red Alert Saskatoon Warriors Crazy Cree Mixed Blood Tribal Brothers Westside Soldiers Hells Angels Fallen Saints ```

Question 133

YELLOW

Answer 133

serious but non-life threatening injuries

Question 134

Sarin (GB)

Answer 134

g agent  Highly volatile and lethal colorless and odorless liquid which turns to a gas seconds after exposure to room temp.

Question 135

Sask Occupational Health and Safety Regulations | Employer must ensures that the waste:

Answer 135

is segregated at the place where the waste is located or produced; is contained in a secure, clearly labeled package or container that holds the contents safely until it is cleaned, decontaminated or disposed of; and is cleaned, decontaminated or disposed of in a manner that will not endanger the health or safety of any worker.

Question 136

Proximity

Answer 136

The most effective contacts should be placed closer to operational zones

Question 137

Communicable period

Answer 137

period where a person can transmit illness to someone else

Question 138

define crisis

Answer 138

“an acute emotional reaction to a powerful stimulus or demand”

Question 139

Containment and Labeling

Answer 139

container must be appropriate available through Materials Management all container must display biohazard symbol and words ‘Biohazard’

Question 140

Medical and Threat Assessments AOI principle

Answer 140

Ability: does this person have physical strength or strength in numbers to hurt me or immediate access to weapon? Believe so until proven otherwise Opportunity: are you viewed as prey? Violence will not happen if attacker considers their opportunity questionable Have strong presence visually, vocally and strategically Intent: does violent attack make sense to them? Mental state? If you are viewed as difficult attack it wont happen

Question 141

battery

Answer 141

when the defendant (the paramedic) touches another person (the patient) in a harmful or offensive way without consent

Question 142

rabies

Answer 142

Highly neurotropic virus Once symptoms begin 7-14 days till death Bite of infected animal Vaccine

Question 143

Droplet Precautions

Answer 143

Droplet precautions will be implemented when droplets larger than 5 µm are present

Question 144

Hypothalamus in relation to circadian rhythm

Answer 144

Hypothalamus receives signal to release melatonin | Can influence eating habits, digestion and body temp

Question 145

How to improve social support network

Answer 145

Don’t be afraid to take social risks Get more from the support you have Reach out Be a joiner Be patient Avoid negative relationships Take care of your relationships

Question 146

6 recommendations for reducing risk in EMS

Answer 146

Protect workers and promote safety, health, and well-being through workplace policies, programs, and activities. Promote safe patient-handling techniques. Protect workers from exposures to blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. Prevent slips, trips, and falls.  Improve motor vehicle safety.  Prevent violence by patients. 

Question 147

interview stance

Answer 147

``` Arms length away Body at 45 degree angle to person Feet shoulder width apart Knees slightly bent Palms facing forwards ```

Question 148

Cleaning

Answer 148

removes foreign material from a surface physically removes the microorganism rather than kill it key to proper cleaning is to use friction and detergent

Question 149

Vesicants (Blister Agents)

Answer 149

Skin is primary route of exposure Vapour can be produced when vesicant is left on skin/clothes long enough -Vapour can enter through respiratory tract Vesicant creates burn like blisters Agents consist of Sulfur, Mustard, Lewisite and Phosgene Oxime Usually cause most damage in damp moist areas ex armpits, groin, and respiratory tract

Question 150

Constitutional right to take legal action against doctor, nurse, paramedic or other but must prove what

Answer 150

Person suing must prove that the medical providers caused harm by failing to meet accepted standards of care Has to prove all the elements of negligence

Question 151

pneumatic dissemination device

Answer 151

Uses high pressure to disseminate the CBRNE agent Consists of an agent in one reservoir and a pressurized gas in another

Question 152

Nuclear Energy

Answer 152

artificially made by altering (splitting) radioactive atoms Nuclear material gives of all forms of radiation including neutrons, which is the most deadly type of radiation

Question 153

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 153

Governs internal clock | Controlled by hypothalamus

Question 154

Substantive Law

Answer 154

contains all of the rules and regulations pertaining to each individual in society

Question 155

3 main characteristics of crisis

Answer 155

1. Disturbance of balance between thinking and emotion 2. Usual coping mechanisms fail 3. Shows evidence of distress, impairment or dysfunction

Question 156

Survival Mentality

Answer 156

DO NOT GIVE UP. You will survive and go home at the end of your shift

Question 157

Pneumonia

Answer 157

Viral/bacterial infection of lungs: Risk of contraction increases with other pulmonary disorders, including smoking Airborne: inhalation of droplets Gloves, goggles, mask on the patient, antibiotics if bacterial

Question 158

Pre attack indicators of CBRNE incident:

Answer 158

Ideology advocating the use of violence Attempts to acquire individuals with scientific or engineering knowledge Individuals seeking treatment for unusual symptoms Groups or individuals acquiring specialized equipment, PPE or chemicals

Question 159

Civil law: vs common law

Answer 159

civil: has its roots in roman law common: roots in England

Question 160

Sharps Wastes and disposal Handling/Packaging

Answer 160

puncture-resistant containers Containers should be yellow and bear the biohazard or cytotoxic symbol must have a fill line Safety devices on needles must be activated before disposal

Question 161

Trained Observer PPE – High-Risk EVD Doffing Sequence:

Answer 161

``` Remove outer gloves Disinfect inner gloves Remove surgical gown Remove shoe/boot covers Remove inner gloves Hand hygiene Don new gloves Remove full face shield Remove gloves Hand hygiene ```

Question 162

Hans Selye:

Answer 162

Father of stress theory

Question 163

what are the following stopped by Alpha rays Beta rays Gamma ray Neutron

Answer 163

Alpha rays: stopped by paper or skin Beta rays: clothing stops it Gamma rays: several centimetres of lead or concrete to stop it Neutron: require concrete to stop it

Question 164

what does physical activity help to do

Answer 164

Reduces stress Helps you sleep better Reduces risk of cardiovascular problems

Question 165

Criminal law

Answer 165

the province or federal government will prosecute for breaking a legal statute Ex: Medication misuse

Question 166

Hepatitis

Answer 166

Inflammation of the liver Many variations of transmission: A - Fecal matter – no permanent liver damage…immune for life B  - Blood and secretions – may lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer C - Bloodborne – may lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer Vaccination A&B, gloves, goggles, and thorough cleaning

Question 167

approaching a van

Answer 167

Take special precautions because it could be carrying a lot of people or a lot of weapons Move 3-5 meters away from passenger side of van remain clear of side door Walk parallel to the van until to are approx. 45 degrees forward of the passenger side door/windshield

Question 168

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 168

energy required at rest Least energy that needs to perform necessary body functions

Question 169

Portals of Entry

Answer 169

ways in which the infectious agent enters the susceptible host Mucous Membrane Respiratory System Digestive System Broken skin

Question 170

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)

Answer 170

A specific, 7 step group crisis intervention tool designed to assist a group of people after an exposure to the same critical incident or event. CISD is not a standalone process and it should never be provided outside of an integrated package of interventions within the CISM program. Under no circumstances should CISD be considered psychotherapy or a substitute for psychotherapy.

Question 171

What is CBRNE

Answer 171

Chemical, biological radiological, nuclear and explosive incident

Question 172

Microbiology Laboratory Wastes disposal

Answer 172

Dispose of microbiology laboratory wastes in yellow containers with biohazard symbol - rigid containers with fixed lids

Question 173

Critical Incident Stress Debriefings

Answer 173

typically held 24-72 hrs following the event

Question 174

Formal Product Identification can be accomplished with the following methods:

Answer 174

Examining the shipping papers Examining the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Examining the Placards

Question 175

treatment of nerve agent

Answer 175

Fatalities from severe exposure occur as a result of respiratory complications, which lead to respiratory distress, respiratory failure and finally to respiratory arrest increase the patient’s chance of survival by providing airway and ventilator support Often patients exposed to these agents will begin seizing and will not stop -these patients require nerve antidote administration Atropine is used to block the nerve agent’s overstimulation of the body -many doses will be required to see the results

Question 176

Dissemination

Answer 176

Is the means by which a terrorist will spread the agent

Question 177

Eustress stress

Answer 177

positive stress Beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance and emotional wellbeing

Question 178

what is it like to be emotional healthy

Answer 178

When we are emotionally healthy we have a strong sense of: self-esteem self-control self-awareness not worried about feeling rejected feel good about who we are everyones emotional health will be different

Question 179

Contact Precautions

Answer 179

Contact precautions are implemented when there is a risk of direct patient contact or environmental contact; when colonization or infection with multi-drug-resistant organisms

Question 180

Standard decontamination processes are:

Answer 180

Unless the substance is identified, decontamination should begin by: Brushing off the powder Flushing the skin with copious amounts of water Never attempt to neutralize an acid or base Doing so can produce great heat and cause further burns Flush the area copiously with water Transport

Question 181

Vehicle Positioning

Answer 181

Attempt to position vehicle min. of 6 meters behind stopped vehicle at a 10-degree angle to driver side facing the shoulder Turn front wheels all the way to the left Don’t walk between spotlight and vehicle Record license plate number and make and model of vehicle before you get out and alert dispatch

Question 182

how has technology affected peoples health

Answer 182

Advanced health system Industrialized countries endangering health by overeating, pollution and overuse of resources

Question 183

do cultural standards stay the same or change

Answer 183

change over time

Question 184

mechanical action dissemination device

Answer 184

Use no external source for dissemination Contain a solid, liquid or gas product Maybe left alone to disseminate or thrown into the path of the victim Most effective in areas with air exchange or warmer temperatures

Question 185

HazMat Scene Management

Answer 185

Establish ‘Safety Zones’ Notify dispatch immediately Identify and report wind direction and terrain features         Approach upwind and uphill Always follow the ‘Rule of thumb’ Isolate the incident as much as possible and restrict access to those that should not enter Call for additional resources (Hazmat team, fire department, police, additional crews)

Question 186

Human Blood and Body Fluids Wastes

Answer 186

yellow Biohazard Symbol

Question 187

Soman (GD)

Answer 187

g agent twice a persistent as Sarin and five times as lethal. It has a fruity odour and as a result of the type of alcohol used in the agent and it generally has no colour.

Question 188

N95 Respirators

Answer 188

provide filtration efficiency rating of 95% for particles 0.3 microns in size protective for biological pathogens such as SARS, TB measles and chickenpox not designed for paticles containing oil or areas with vapours, gases or low oxygen concentration

Question 189

Most common symptoms of acute stress

Answer 189

Emotional distress: combination of anger or irritability, anxiety and depression Muscular problems: headache, back pain, muscular tension leading to tendon and ligament problems Stomach, gut and bowel problems: heart burn, acid stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation and irritable bowel syndrome Transient overarousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraines, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, chest pain

Question 190

deefine spirituality

Answer 190

the way an individual finds peace, hope and meaning in life

Question 191

Respiratory syncytial virus

Answer 191

Leading cause of lower respiratory tract innfections in infants older and immunodeficient ppl Sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, cough fever Direct contact with droplets or indirect contact with contaminated hands Gloves Handwashing Clean vehicle Postexposure treatment: supportive care

Question 192

How to know if you’ve found balance

Answer 192

1. When I've taken care of everything I have to do; do I have the time and energy to enjoy the things I want to do? 2. Can I get absorbed in something without worrying about another task or feeling guilty because I'm not doing something else?

Question 193

Advantages of Alcohol

Answer 193

economical very little irritation to human tissue ability to kill bacteria, lipid viruses and tubercle bacilli

Question 194

Ricin

Answer 194

neurotoxin is derived from mash that is leftover from the castor bean

Question 195

3 primary ways to help manage stress

Answer 195

Decrease the stress causing situation Increases the individual’s resistance to stress Reduce the response to stress

Question 196

RED

Answer 196

life-threatening injuries that require immediate attention: Respiratory rate greater than 30pm; Absent radial pulse or capillary refill over 2 seconds; Unable to follow simple commands.

Question 197

nutrients

Answer 197

Elements that are supplied by food Some provide energy others contribute to metabolic processes

Question 198

Examples of Emergency Lifting and Moving Techniques

Answer 198

Shirt Drag Blanket Drag Shoulder Drag One Rescuer Crutch Sheet Drag

Question 199

Immediacy

Answer 199

Immediate, rapid intervention is required in a state of crisis

Question 200

Approaching a suspicious vehicle

Answer 200

Park 5 meters away with a clear exit. Before leaving your EMS unit report to dispatch situation info and license plate number. At night use high beams and spotlights.

Question 201

Pneumonic Plague

Answer 201

a lung infection that results from the inhalation of plague bacteria contagious and has a much higher death rate than the bubonic form would be easier to disseminate

Question 202

Hepatitis G

Answer 202

Bo infection with HCV or HIV Infected blood or blood products gloves

Question 203

Airborne Precautions

Answer 203

Airborne precautions will be implemented when droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns

Question 204

Vesicants (Blister Agents) | treatment

Answer 204

Decontaminate patient A, B, C’s not done until after decontamination Prompt airway support but not done until after decontamination Initiate transport as soon as possible IV access Early notification

Question 205

Biological attack Signs to watch out for:

Answer 205

Group of people with flu or food poisoning-like symptoms Unscheduled spraying in an area Abandoned spraying devices

Question 206

4 categories of dissemination devices

Answer 206

mechanical action Chemical reaction Pneumatic Explosive

Question 207

Assault

Answer 207

when a person (the paramedic) instills fear of immediate bodily harm or breach of bodily security to another (the patient) whether or not the threat of harm is actually carried out

Question 208

gonorrhea

Answer 208

Common 15-24 yr olds Sexual through pus containing fluid from mucous memebranes Glove use

Question 209

what is intellectual wellbeing

Answer 209

keeping the mind healthy and active by being curious and aware of what is happening eager to learn and wanting to obtain knowledge through any avenue available

Question 210

storming stage of team development

Answer 210

showcases individual personalities in greater detail may be conflict, disagreement regarding leadership roles and differences about team participation during this stage

Question 211

stress:

Answer 211

the demands of a situation are too much to handle

Question 212

To make 10% (5000 ppm) bleach, you can use:

Answer 212

1.0 mL bleach plus 9.0 mL water gives 10 mL | 10 mL bleach plus 90 mL water gives 100 mL

Question 213

what is spiritual wellbeing

Answer 213

For some, it is a belief in a higher power or belonging to religious affiliation For others, to become spiritually healthy means having a purpose or meaning in life

Question 214

what 3 basic things do civil and common law provide

Answer 214

1. Ensure each person in society is treated equally, fairly and consistently 2. That the results of a particular case ca be reasonably predicted 3. That all cases will be ruled upon based on decisions that were previously handed down by other magistrates and appellate courts

Question 215

Section 34 of the Canadian Criminal Code  “Defence—use or threat of force 

Answer 215

if you believe on reasonable grounds that you are being threatened or assaulted you can match force with force to safely remove yourself from the incident.

Question 216

Perceived social support

Answer 216

When you know you have friends and family to support you after an event

Question 217

ways to cope with stress

Answer 217

``` Focus on what you can do Manage your emotions Seek out support Focus on helpful realistic thoughts Make a plan of action Self-care Take care of your relationships Spirituality Acceptance Distraction ```

Question 218

performing stage of team development

Answer 218

team works together seamlessly to provide exemplary patient care

Question 219

A crime scene is defined as:

Answer 219

A location where any part of a criminal act occurred or is suspected of having occurred, and A location where evidence relating to a real or potential crime may be found.

Question 220

Culture defines health as

Answer 220

subject to culture and society’s valued

Question 221

Human Anatomical Waste - storage - method for disposal

Answer 221

should be stored in sealed rigid containers, color-coded red primary method for disposal is incineration.

Question 222

Characteristics of unstable behaviour

Answer 222

``` Confused or altered mental status Alcohol or drug dependence Anger Frustration Psychological and personality disorders History of violent activity Financial instability Poor empathy or insight Unemployment ```

Question 223

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

Answer 223

consists of a group of diseases that include Ebola, Yellow fever, and Rift Valley viruses causes blood in the body to seep out from the tissues and blood vessels flu-like symptoms progressing to more serious symptoms such as internal and external hemorrhage

Question 224

Critical Incident Stress Management

Answer 224

A comprehensive, integrated, systematic and multi–tactic crisis intervention approach to manage critical incident stress after traumatic events. CISM is a coordinated program of tactics that are linked and blended together to alleviate the reactions to traumatic experiences.

Question 225

defamation

Answer 225

intentionally making a false statement through written or verbal communication that injures a person’s good name or reputation

Question 226

Factors that Can Contribute to Stress

Answer 226

``` Examples of personal stress are: Loss of a loved one A personal injury or illness Financial issues A major life event such as the birth of a child, marriage, divorce, moving Examples of work-related stress are: Loss of a job/start of a job Change in responsibilities Work-life balance challenges Working conditions ```

Question 227

Thinking traps

Answer 227

``` Overgeneralizing Black and white thinking Labelling Mind reading Fortune telling Mental filter Emotional reasoning Discounting the positives Should statements ```

Question 228

neurotoxins signs and symptoms of ingestion

Answer 228

``` Fever Chills Headache Muscle aches Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Severe abdominal cramps Dehydration GI bleeding Necrosis of the liver, spleen, kidneys, GI tract ```

Question 229

Assessment process for transferring, lifting and repositioning of patients

Answer 229

Patient assessment and preparation: Assess the ability of the patient to understand and co-operate by determining the patient’s: Environmental assessment: Task assessment: Paramedic self-assessment:

Question 230

Section 34 of the Canadian Criminal Code  No defence 

Answer 230

if you are being threatened or physically assaulted did you act in a reasonable manner to remove yourself safely from the situation?

Question 231

Cytotoxic Chemical Wastes and examples

Answer 231

Wastes containing drugs that inhibit or prevent the functions of cells and are manufactured, sold or represented for use in treating neoplastic or other conditions Intravenous needles Tubing Syringes used to inject cytotoxic drugs Personal protective equipment that is used when handling cytotoxic drugs

Question 232

Explain the Concept of Critical Incident Stress Management (CCISM)

Answer 232

program to alleviate reactions to traumatic experiences Focused interventions specifically to manage the traumatic stress associated with exposures to critical incidents

Question 233

appellate court

Answer 233

the Appellate Court will not hear the evidence of the case The Appellate Court will only hear evidence regarding any procedural irregularities

Question 234

2 ways to identify materials

Answer 234

informally and formally

Question 235

changes in your feelings due to stress

Answer 235

Feeling worried or confused Feeling angry or irritable Feeling overwhelmed or helpless Feeling like you can't cope

Question 236

Desirable properties for disinfectants include:

Answer 236

Broad Spectrum Rapid Action Resistance to Inactivation by Other Material Nontoxic Odorless Non-destructive Residual Action User-Friendly  Economical cost

Question 237

how does Hans Selye define stress

Answer 237

He defines stress as “nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it”

Question 238

Storage

Answer 238

totally enclosed and separate from supply rooms or food locked and restriced to authorized personnel only identified as containing biomedical waste with biohazard symbol never used for materials other than waste temp of 4 degrees celcius lower for material stored for more than 4 days thoroughly cleaned

Question 239

When dispatched to a scene involving hazardous materials, decisions must be made regarding early regarding:

Answer 239

Rescuer safety Type and degree of the potential hazard Involvement of other agencies.  Pre-planning and early coordination is imperative Advise medical direction early  

Question 240

Metabolic Agents (blood agents) (Cyanides)

Answer 240

Hydrogen cyanide (AC) and cyanogen chloride (CK) are both agents that affect the body’s ability to use oxygen Metabolic agents can kill within seconds to minutes often associated with fires at textile or plastic factories.

Question 241

carbohydrates

Answer 241

Main source of energy Obtain through plants Can be classified as simple (sugars) or complex (starch, glycogen) Ranked according to glycemic index (GI); the higher the index the greater the release of sugar into bloodstream

Question 242

Handling, Packing and Transportation

Answer 242

according to provincial and legislative requirements | non-compliance could result in increased liability (conviction/fines)

Question 243

Hantavirus

Answer 243

Virus found in urine, saliva, and poo of infected deer mice flu-like symptoms that can quickly lead to respiratory failure Airborne: Inhalation of droplets and dust of feces or contaminated material N95 mask in contaminated area, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 244

civil suit

Answer 244

an action instituted by a person or corporation (plaintiff) against another person or corporation is usually some sort of compensation for injury plaintiff sustained

Question 245

Criminal prosecution or provincial statue prosecution

Answer 245

an action taken by the government against a person the prosecutors feel has violated laws

Question 246

Civil laws

Answer 246

patient can sue you for perceived injury, and criminal law | Ex: malpractice suites

Question 247

GREEN

Answer 247

ambulatory and/or have minor injuries (walking wounded)

Question 248

Meningitis

Answer 248

Inflammation of the meninges – can be either bacterial or viral (bacterial contagious) Airborne: Direct contact with upper respiratory tract infections Vaccination (bacterial), gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 249

Benefits of problem solving

Answer 249

Better functioning at work or school More satisfying relationships with friends, family and co workers Higher self esteem Higher life satisfaction

Question 250

Radiological/Nuclear Agents

Answer 250

Once radiological material has been used for its purpose, the material remaining is called radioactive waste

Question 251

odours of agents

Answer 251

sarin none tabun fruity soman fruity V agent none

Question 252

Cytotoxic Chemical Wastes - storage - method for disposal

Answer 252

stored within sealed rigid containers, color-coded red and bear a cytotoxic symbol and marked in accordance with WHMIS and TDG requirements primary method for disposal is incineration

Question 253

SMART principle helps set goals

Answer 253

``` S pecific M easurable A ttainable Realistic T ime limited ```

Question 254

private law can be subdivided

Answer 254

Subdivided into civil law and common law

Question 255

explosive dissemination device

Answer 255

Uses high or low explosives | The goal is that the explosion releases the agent without destroying it

Question 256

Smallpox

Answer 256

Highly contagious | is a vaccine to prevent smallpox, and this vaccine is part of a national strategy to respond to a terrorist threat

Question 257

Dispose of biomedical waste as follows:

Answer 257

Vials - To be deposited in an approved sharps container. Solid - Collect waste in a yellow biohazard bag, such as shown above. Fluids - Use a rigid leak-proof yellow container, such as shown above. Saturated Items - Collect waste in a yellow biohazard bag (same as solid waste)

Question 258

Tactical Repositioning

Answer 258

 What is your exit? Can you make it there in time? What, if any, are your obstructions?

Question 259

anthrax

Answer 259

deadly bacteria that lay dormant in a spore (protective shell) routes of entry for anthrax are inhalation, cutaneous or gastrointestinal -inhalation form is the most deadly and often presents as a severe cold Pulmonary anthrax is associated with a 90% death rate if untreated Antibiotics can be used to treat anthrax

Question 260

describe Episodic acute stress

Answer 260

suffer from acute stress frequently common for ppl with it to be over aroused, short tempered, irritable, anxious and tense workplace is very stressful for them they describe it as “nervous energy” Type A personality: excessive competitive drive, aggressiveness, I patient and sense of time urgency Ceaseless worriers and awfulizers tend to be over aroused and tense but are more anxious and depressed than angry and hostile

Question 261

To make 1% (500 ppm) bleach, you can use:

Answer 261

1.0 mL bleach plus 99.0 mL water gives 100 mL 10 mL of bleach placed in a 1000 mL (one litre) container with water added up to the 1000 mL mark 1 coffee cup of bleach plus 99 coffee cups of water will give 100 cups of bleach and maybe a clean coffee cup

Question 262

Self-awareness

Answer 262

being aware of your gestures, posture, stance and hand positioning

Question 263

Judges

Answer 263

make rulings that become laws for that jurisdiction Because of precedent, they effectively become law in all jurisdictions.

Question 264

General Adaption Syndrome:

Answer 264

model of stress response

Question 265

water

Answer 265

cell function depends on a fluid environment cannot survive more than a few days helps regulate body temp and move nutrients around

Question 266

Doffing Sequence - Low-Risk

Answer 266

``` Disinfect gloves Inspect PPE for breaks, rips, or tears in the integrity of the equipment Remove gloves Remove gown Hand hygiene Remove face shield Remove mask Hand hygiene ```

Question 267

Canisters or similar devices are considered to be a non-biomedical (general) waste when they:

Answer 267

contain only a trace amount of blood in diluted form; are of a closed circuit type and cannot open easily; and do not contain a fluid that has been classified as being infectious

Question 268

functions of sleep

Answer 268

Cerebral blood flow decreases Decrease I hr, bp, rsp, muscle tone, urine production and hormone release giving organs and muscles rest Restoration of cells and tissues Brain tissue and cognitive restoration

Question 269

Cleaning Contaminated Equipment

Answer 269

Blood contaminated equipment should be disposed of in a designated biohazard waste container Areas contaminated with blood must be first cleaned and then disinfected If the equipment is contaminated with feces, remove large amounts of feces before cleaning and then disinfect If the equipment is contaminated with urine, remove any large amounts of urine before cleaning and then disinfect

Question 270

Lice & Scabies

Answer 270

Small insects in hair or skin Direct contact with a person or infected clothing, furniture, etc. Gloves

Question 271

Disadvantages of alcohol

Answer 271

antimicrobial action diminishes with heavy microbial load and organic material does not kill spores and non-lipid viruses rapid evaporation

Question 272

Mumps

Answer 272

Viral – parotid salivary glands swell Airborne: inhalation of droplets and direct contact Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 273

a solution of strong bleach 1/10, containing 5,000 ppm, for

Answer 273

disinfecting areas with obvious blood spills.

Question 274

Isolation Precautions

Answer 274

Isolation precautions refer to the use of standard precautions with the addition of three transmission categories: airborne, droplet, and contact precautions based on a patient’s specific diagnosed condition

Question 275

Disposal

Answer 275

Biomed Recovery | Materials Management

Question 276

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Answer 276

Irritating cough in 1-2 weeks and can last 1-2 months Direct contact or airborne droplets Surgical mask on pt Posteposure care: antibiotics vaccination

Question 277

what is Physical Health

Answer 277

``` Anything to do with our bodies Achieved when bodies: Free from disease Good physical condition Strong ```

Question 278

West Nile Virus

Answer 278

Flu-like symptoms Vector transmission through mosquito bites from infected insects Off bug spray

Question 279

Informal Product Identification  can be accomplished by the following methods:

Answer 279

Visual inspection before entering the scene (Rule of Thumb) Verbal reports by bystanders or other responsible persons Incident Location Visual indicators Container characteristics Sign/symptoms of victims exposure

Question 280

Human Blood and Body Fluid Waste

Answer 280

Items saturated with blood and/or body fluids are considered biomedical waste

Question 281

Simplicity

Answer 281

People respond to simple and straightforward, not complex, in a crisis

Question 282

A healthy relationship is one that contains:

Answer 282

``` Mutual trust and respect Understanding for each other Acceptance Ability to openly communicate without repercussion Shared interests ```

Question 283

Types of High-Risk Fluids

Answer 283

``` Blood Semen Vaginal secretions and amniotic fluid Other body fluids—heart, lung, joints, abdomen, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Saliva (risk only for Hepatitis B) ```

Question 284

Green or Cold

Answer 284

``` (Safe) zone Normal triage occurs here Command post will be set up in this zone Provides a further buffer Contamination gear is shed ```

Question 285

Disease vector

Answer 285

Is an animal that spreads disease, once infected to another animal.

Question 286

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents)

Answer 286

Gases that cause immediate harm Respiratory tract is primary route of exposure Lung tissue and fluid begin to enter lungs Pulmonary edema develops Short of breath due to inability of gas exchange Agents include Chlorine and Phosgene

Question 287

define health

Answer 287

Health is a state of complete physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 288

Susceptible Host

Answer 288

individuals may have traits that affect their susceptibility and severity of disease ``` Immune deficiency Diabetes Burns Surgery Age ```

Question 289

Resting energy expenditure

Answer 289

BMR plus additional requirement for ¾ of daily energy requirements

Question 290

norming stage of team development

Answer 290

conflicts, disagreements and differences are resolved and the team becomes unified members come to understand and accept each other

Question 291

a solution of weak bleach 1/100, containing 500 ppm available chlorine, for

Answer 291

routine disinfection of counters

Question 292

NATO Suit

Answer 292

A two-piece suit that consists of pants and a hooded jacket Does not repel liquids but rather absorbs them into the suit Oxygen content in the atmosphere must be normal as contains no air supply

Question 293

Private law

Answer 293

consists of those legal issues which concern only the parties involved Contracts between two parties, torts (which are injury issues), property and trusts

Question 294

team effectiveness

Answer 294

innovation/adaption efficiency quality member satisfaction

Question 295

Bacteria

Answer 295

do not require a host to multiply and live more complex and larger than viruses and can grow up to 10 times larger than its largest virus generally begin with flu-like symptoms which make it difficult to identify whether the cause is a biological attack or a natural epidemic can be fought with antibiotics

Question 296

Balance

Answer 296

we can fully engage in what we need or want to do without that nagging guilt or worry that we should be doing something else

Question 297

Changes in your behaviours due to stress

Answer 297

Withdrawing from others Fidgeting, feeling restless Smoking, drinking or using more drugs than usual Avoiding situations that you think are stressful

Question 298

Neurotoxins

Answer 298

most deadly substances known to humans produced from plants, marine animals, molds, and bacteria  routes of entry for these toxins are ingestion, inhalation, and  injection not contagious and have a rapid onset of symptoms immense destructive potential

Question 299

symptoms of Episodic acute stress

Answer 299

persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension,

Question 300

Yellow or Warm

Answer 300

(Control) zone PPE Decontamination occurs here Care can be performed

Question 301

four common types of chemical agents

Answer 301

Vesicants (blister agents) Pulmonary Agents (choking agents) Nerve Agents Metabolic Agents (Cyanides)

Question 302

define social stratification

Answer 302

affects peoples beliefs on what heathy is and what it looks like

Question 303

four basic categories of a crime scene: 

Answer 303

1. Scenes involving violence 2. Scenes where a death has occurred 3. Scenes Involving Injury That Could Involve Litigation (Personal Injury) 4. Scenes Where Criminal Acts Have Occurred

Question 304

Environmental awareness

Answer 304

watch conditions at scene, which other teams are present | approaching patient

Question 305

vitamins

Answer 305

organic substances essential to normal metabolism highest in fresh foods can be fat soluble (A,D,E,K) or water soluble (B and C

Question 306

situational awareness

Answer 306

eed or ability to have high level of attentiveness to the environment in a dynamic situation

Question 307

minerals

Answer 307

inorganic substance essential in biochemical reactions macro minerals (more than 100mg needed daily or trace (less than 100mg needed daily

Question 308

Standard precautions

Answer 308

refer to blood, all body fluids, secretions, excretions with the exception of sweat, broken skin, and mucous membranes

Question 309

Some stressors to the role of a paramedic are:

Answer 309

Constant unknowns Unpredictability Poor or dangerous working conditions Shift work Long hours Confrontation with death The daily confrontation with people in physical and emotional pain Ongoing establishment and relinquishing of relationships Demanding care Ever changing and evolving scope of practice Undervaluing of their role by other team members Support system (e. family/friends) that may not understand job stresses and may not be supportive Higher self-expectations

Question 310

goals to maintain physical strength

Answer 310

Muscular strength Muscular endurance Balance of strength and endurance

Question 311

high level disinfectant

Answer 311

is expected to kill vegetative bacertia, lipid viruses, fungi, non lipid viruses, tubercle bacilli, and bacterial spores do have ability to kill spores but may take longer to kill all spores

Question 312

chickenpox

Answer 312

Can be very serious especially in adults, once scabbed no longer infectious; a viral infection Airborne: Inhalation of droplets Vaccination, gloves, goggles, mask on the patient

Question 313

Modes of transmission

Answer 313

ways in which the infectious agent is spread from the reservoir to the susceptible host Physical Contact Droplets Airborne

Question 314

3 options for unsafe scene

Answer 314

1. Secere scene yourself 2. Barricade yourself and patient in a safe place 3. Wait for police

Question 315

proteins

Answer 315

Needed for tissue growth and repair Amino acid is simplest form Essential amino acids (must come from diet) or nonessential amino acids (can be found in body) Transports nutrients and pharmacological substances in blood Only source of nitrogen; necessary for tissue repair and growth

Question 316

Intentional tort

Answer 316

intent to cause harm

Question 317

Procedural law

Answer 317

the rules that lawyers and judges must follow in the conduct of the judicial system.

Question 318

Incubation period

Answer 318

period between exposure and first symptoms

Question 319

Anger becomes a problem if its:

Answer 319

``` Too frequent Too intense Lasts too long Leads to aggression Disrupts work or relationships ```

Question 320

three basic areas that laws come from: 

Answer 320

Judges Politicians Administrative Law

Question 321

Level C PPE

Answer 321

Contains the same hooded garment as Level B but only uses a purifying respirator instead of SCBA

Question 322

Expectancy

Answer 322

The provider works to set up and manage reasonable but positive expectations of outcome

Question 323

Level A ppe

Answer 323

Fully encapsulating chemical resistant suit with its own air supply (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus-SCBA) Provides the highest level of protection against liquids, vapours, gases, mists and airborne particulates Should be used in all unknown CBRNE incidents

Question 324

Youth gangs in Saskatchewan include:

Answer 324

Crips Junior mixed blood Indian Mafia Crips North Central Rough Riderz

Question 325

Botulinum Toxin

Answer 325

most potent neurotoxin which is produced by bacteria

Question 326

Viruses

Answer 326

germs that require a living host to multiply and survive invade healthy cells and replace itself to spread through the host there is no treatment for a viral infection other than antivirals for some agents

Question 327

clandestine drug laboratories

Answer 327

methamphetamine (meth, speed and crank) look for large quantities of over-the-counter cold remedies containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, gallon containers of fuel, and sulfuric acid in form of lye some look like typical high school chem labs others are harder to detect

Question 328

Types of social support

Answer 328

Emotional support Practical help Sharing points of view Sharing info

Question 329

Lack of sleep can cause:

Answer 329

Hypertension Diabetes Cardiovascular disease Neurovascular disease

Question 330

chemical reaction dissemination device

Answer 330

Requires mixing of 2 or more chemicals to create a reaction

Question 331

fats

Answer 331

Most calorie dense nutrient Aids in cushioning organs lubricating body tissue insulates and protects cell membranes saturated or unsaturated trans fat can result in diabetes, heart disease, infertility and prostate cancer

Question 332

General Guidelines for Use of stretcher

Answer 332

Operate the stretcher at its lowest level in rough terrain. Operate the stretcher at its highest level in long smooth areas such as hallways as long

Question 333

define wellbeing

Answer 333

a dynamic process involving the harmony of physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual well-being. This sense of well-being or wellness enables individuals, families, and communities to function to the best of their ability within their environment.

Question 334

Gangs operate on their own “three R’s”

Answer 334

reputation, respect, retaliation

Question 335

1+1 Rule

Answer 335

f the subject has one weapon, there’s a very good chance they have another on them.

Question 336

Approaching the Motor Vehicle

Answer 336

IC person riding in the passenger seat goes and checks it out Proceed to rear passenger side of the trunk -Consider the possibility of people hiding in it Move belly forward to passenger rear seat Look in the windows and see persons hands and look for weapons If there are passengers in the back to not go any further, if there are not proceed to passenger window Stay near the opening of passenger side door and announce “Paramedic. Do you need help?”

Question 337

Two parts of mindfulness

Answer 337

Attention and Curiosity

Question 338

In order for the PCR to be admitted as a business record, two factors must exist

Answer 338

First, it must be shown that the PCR is a part of routine Secondly, it must be established that it is normal practice to write reports at the time or within a reasonable time after an occurrence

Question 339

Rapid Threat Assessment

Answer 339

Eye movement Speech Posture Personal ability/presence of a weapon Motor activity Gut feeling

Question 340

Substantive law can be subdivided into

Answer 340

public and private

Question 341

4 Tactical principles

Answer 341

Self-awareness Situational awareness Patient awareness Environmental awareness

Question 342

Time, Distance, and Cover

Answer 342

ow close are you to the person to the threat? How fast can they close that gap? Where is your closest cover or concealment if you need to use it?

Question 343

intermediate level disinfectant

Answer 343

should kill vegetative bacteria, lipid viruses, fungi and tubercle bacilli may not have capacity to kill non lipid viruses and bacterial spores

Question 344

Antisepsis

Answer 344

chemical disinfection of tissue, usually skin or mucous membrane; antisepsis is a specific kind of disinfection

Question 345

Level D PPE

Answer 345

Minimal skin and respiratory protection Consistent with regular uniform and routine precautions Can only be used in areas where no known CBRNE hazards

Question 346

central sleep apnea

Answer 346

Pathological condition causing loss of inspiratory effort during sleep Treatment focuses on underlying condition

Question 347

Motor Vehicle Collision Scenes Common safety concerns

Answer 347

Unstable vehicles Moving traffic Jagged metal and broken glass, debris Fire or explosion hazards Downed power lines Toxic substances

Question 348

Brevity

Answer 348

Intervention should be brief - take only minutes (up to an hour) in most cases

Question 349

Narcolepsy

Answer 349

When individual has overwhelming wave of sleepiness and falls asleep during waking hours Usually in adolescence Hallucinations, vivid dreams, night terrors, sleepwalking or poor memory and concentration Diagnosis usually several years after symptoms No cure or treatment

Question 350

Supreme Court

Answer 350

is the final Court of Appeal in this country ' will not automatically grant an appeal to anyone for any reason. must be able to prove that the Appellate Court may have made a mistake or that there is evidence that the ruling would produce some constitutional change for the Country does not usually hear any cases that do not have an impact on the Canadian Constitution

Question 351

Sudden stimulation of sympathetic nervous system cause following:

Answer 351

``` Increased heart rate Widened bronchial passages Constrict blood vessels Dilated pupils Piloerection (goosebumps) The rise in Blood Pressure Diaphoresis Decreased motility of the large intestines Increased peristalsis in the esophagus ```

Question 352

Nerve Agents

Answer 352

Most deadly chemicals developed Designed to kill large amounts of ppl with small quantities Can cause cardiac arrest within seconds to minutes Agents are organophosphates -Found in household bug sprays, pesticides and industrial chemicals

Question 353

Politicians

Answer 353

enact legislation which becomes law for that jurisdiction only done in the form of an Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament take a significant amount of time and effort to push through the house

Question 354

2 types of sleep apnea

Answer 354

obstructive or central obstructive

Question 355

Public law

Answer 355

any legal issue in which government or ‘state’ has an interest Ex Canadas criminal code

Question 356

6 key response tasks in CBRNE incident

Answer 356

1) Assessment 2) Personal Protection 3) Control of Situation 4) Casualty Management 5) Communication 6) Call for Additional Resources

Question 357

Stressor

Answer 357

label a stimulus that had this effect on the body

Question 358

Chlorine Containing Agents

Answer 358

intermediate disinfectants chlorine combines with water to form hypochlorous acid, a potent oxidizing agent that rapidly kills microorganisms inactivated by organic material Bleach should be diluted fresh daily

Question 359

Who are the Targets of CBRNE incidents

Answer 359

``` Some of most common targets are: Government Transportation Facilities Political Figures Military Nuclear Facilities Religious Locations Popular Landmarks ```

Question 360

6 parts of scene size up

Answer 360

1. Scene safety 2. BSI (Body substance isolation) 3. Decide if its NOI/MOI 4. Determine number of patients 5. Additional resources 6. Determine need for c-spine precautions

Question 361

6 stages of Hostage Situation

Answer 361

surveillance, capture, transport, holding, move and resolution

Question 362

Criminal code- defence of a person

Answer 362

If you can leave safely without risking injury to yourself or another, then you must leave. If you are being assaulted or an assault is imminent then you can use only the amount of force necessary to stop the assault. You are not permitted to punish the assailant or seek revenge. It is important to "injure to a degree" according to the threat level. Match the level of injury to resistance.

Question 363

Critical Incident Stress

Answer 363

A state of cognitive, physical, emotional and behavioral arousal that accompanies the crisis reaction. The elevated state of arousal is caused by a critical incident. If not managed and resolved appropriately, either by oneself or with assistance, it may lead to several psychological disorders including Acute Stress Disorder, PTSD, Panic Attacks, and Depression, Alcohol/Drug abuse.

Question 364

Pulmonary Agents (Choking Agents) treatment

Answer 364

Remove the patient from the contaminated atmosphere – Needs to be done by properly trained personnel with the proper PPE Aggressive airway management paying particular attention to Oxygenation, ventilation and suctioning Limit patient activity, allow patient to find a position of comfort IV access Pharmacotherapy includes treatment for Bronchospasm, Pulmonary Edema Supplemental O2

Question 365

define sleep

Answer 365

Period of decreased physical and mental alertness and gives each person a chance to feel refreshed

Question 366

Administrative Law

Answer 366

Regulations are easily changed to reflect the ideas of the day and can be changed by the government of the day without going to the house of parliament

Question 367

3 tiers of courts in the Canadian Legal system

Answer 367

Court of first instance Appellate court Supreme court

Question 368

triage RPM profusion/circulation

Answer 368

Capillary refill test -if capillary refill takes longer than 2 seconds mark as red immediate Radial pulse test -Can’t feel pulse; elevate leg and mark as red immediate Extreme external bleeding; get by stander to hold pressure If capillary refills in 2 seconds or less proceed to mental status assessment

Question 369

triage RPM mental status

Answer 369

Altered mental status mark as red immediate If can’t respond to simple questions/commands mark as red immediate If can respond to simple questions/commands mark as delayed

Question 370

Radiological Dispersal Devices

Answer 370

any container that is designed to disperse radioactive material require the use of a bomb (Dirty Bomb)

Question 371

3 types of motion

Answer 371

translation, rotation, combination

Question 372

Situational awareness

Answer 372

being aware of the situation at present and continually re-evaluating the situation for changes

Question 373

Cytotoxic Chemical Waste - color coding - labeling

Answer 373

red Biohazard and Cytotoxic Symbols

Question 374

Anger

Answer 374

source of energy to get things done and solve problems

Question 375

syphilis

Answer 375

Common 20-35 yrs old Direct contact with infectious fluid Can be transmitted through mother to baby gloves

Question 376

Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

Answer 376

MRSA – Bacterial infection that has developed resistance to antibiotics, presents with skin infections VRE – Bacteria that normally in bowels now resistant to antibiotic Direct contact Special precautions should be taken by wearing gloves, gowns and complete surface sanitation following patient contact

Question 377

Tabun (GA)

Answer 377

g agent approximately half as lethal as Sarin and 36 times more persistent; under the right conditions, it will remain for several days. It has a fruity smell and appearance similar to Sarin.