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gait final exam > Emergence of walking > Flashcards

Emergence of walking Flashcards

1
Q

Conclusions of historical findings

A
  • rehab by engaging the limb in activities
  • Lower limb activity can be activated under certain situations
  • do not need influence of higher brain centers to walk
  • removing sensory input on both sides resulted in a walking pattern
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2
Q

walking is a motor task the involves

A

1) sufficient strength for the support of body weight and GFR (stability before mobility)
2) stable enough to compensate for balance shifts (maturation of the balance system)
3) adaptations to uneven surfaces

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3
Q

when will the stepping pattern disappears

A

at 2 months
- will reappear with the start of walking
- continue to kick in supine
- same pattern in standing

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4
Q

progression from stability to mobility

A

1) standing with assistance
2) mobility with 2 hands
3) standing alone
4) independent mobility

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5
Q

what is the time frame for emergence of walking

A

9- 15 mo.
- motor delay is considered at 18 mo

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6
Q

what could be a reason for motor delay in emergence of gait

A
  • slow myelination
  • usually takes about 9 mo for myelination to reach the legs
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7
Q

components of gait that are developed to 12 mo

A
  • CPG: locomotion pattern in innate
  • postural control in standing at a tabletop
  • motivation and navigation toward a distant object
  • standing on one leg: stance phase mobility
  • high guard posture
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8
Q

components are the necessary for gait emergence

A

1) motor production
2) CPG
3) myelination
4) intact sensory system
5) balance or postural control
6) dissociation of limbs

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9
Q

factors of motor productions

A
  • stabilization
  • force or power
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10
Q

factors in sensory apparatus

A
  • vision: balance, steering and avoiding obstacles
  • vestibular: acceleration and rot of the head
  • somatosensory
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11
Q

characteristics of the first steps

A
  • high step pattern
  • wide BOS
  • no push off
  • knees flexed at stance (need a place to pull to stand)
  • upper limbs no arm swing and high guard
  • short steps
  • sycrhronized patterns of the legs
  • waddling pattern
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12
Q

synchronization of steps

A

joints moving simultaneously

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13
Q

dissociation of steps

A

joints moving individually (4.5 mon after first steps)

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14
Q

controlled fall

A

infants lean forward when walking with a forward COM

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15
Q

progression of gait

A
  • ability to control equilibrium responses (postural control)
  • ability to control single limb stance
  • heel strike at 2 years of age
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16
Q

at what age is a child able to change directions

A

15-18 months

17
Q

at what age is a child able to heel strike

A

2 years

18
Q

at what age is a child able to stabilize the center of mass

A

7 years

19
Q

sensory contributions to emergence of walking

A
  • stretching of the hip flexors
  • step length, appropriate frequency
  • contributions of the loading limbs (posture sensors, practice standing for long periods)
20
Q

sacropenia

A

loss of muscle mass in the elderly (over 60). especially type 2 fibers

21
Q

atrophy in simple disuse

A
  • reduced mechanical load, fasting, and fed anabilic resistance
  • protein breakdown remains the same
  • protein synthesis declines
22
Q

atrophy in sarcopenia

A
  • aging, disuse, and inflammation
  • increase in protein breakdown
  • decrease in protein synthesis
23
Q

use it or lose it with sarcopenia

A
  • if an individual exercises and stays active the loss can be minimized
  • muscle changes to fat when their is disuse
24
Q

skeletal system in older adult

A
  • increase thorastic kyphosis
  • loss in vertebral body height
  • increased risk for fracture
25
Q

loss of sensory could be due to

A
  • type 2 diabetes with sensory nerve fiber loss (loss of tactile sensation)
  • peripheral nerve damage
  • CVA
26
Q

what is the sensory that is lost with aging

A
  • loss of touch sensation
  • loss of heat and cold sensation
  • loss of pain perception
27
Q

loss of the visual system (acuity) could be due to

A
  • type 2 diabetes
  • muscular degeneration
  • glaucoma
28
Q

vestibular system disuse in the eldery

A

show loss in quick acceleration in movement and cervical rotation.
- why they maintain a forward head posture and forward trunk posture

29
Q

dulled response to protect head

A
  • lack protective responses such as reduced hip and ankle strategies and reduce speed of protective arm extension
30
Q

relationship between gait speed and dementia

A

as cognitive ability declines so does gait speed.
- arobic ex could decrease risk of cognitive decline because it increases O2 perfusion to the brain

gait final exam (6 decks)

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