Emergency Care - EMT Basic Chapter 6

Question 1

What structure in the cell is responsible for converting glucose and other nutrients into energy in the form of ATP?

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

The conversion of glucose and other nutrients to energy in the form of ATP is known as ___________.

Answer 2

metabolism

Question 3

The study of how disease processes affect the function of the body.

Answer 3

pathophysiology

Question 4

a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles.

Answer 4

electrolytes

Question 5

In order for cells to function, what do they need?

Answer 5

1. water
2. glucose
3. oxygen

Question 6

When energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products in the presence of oxygen.

Answer 6

aerobic metabolism

Question 7

When glucose is metabolized without oxygen, or without enough oxygen, energy is produced inefficiently and with a great deal more waste.

Answer 7

anaerobic metabolism

Question 8

What waste products are produced in anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 8

carbon dioxide and lactic acid

Question 9

oxygenation of the cells and the removal of the waste products of metabolism are among the responsibilities of what system?

Answer 9

the respiratory system

Question 10

Many disease processes alter a cells ___________.

Answer 10

permeability

Question 11

fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe.

Answer 11

FiO2

Question 12

The combination of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Answer 12

the cardiopulmonary system

Question 13

What is the primary function of the cardiopulmonary system?

Answer 13

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to remove waste products from the cells

Question 14

Air in the lungs reach an endpoint of tiny air pockets called __________.

Answer 14

alveoli

Question 15

What vein transports oxygenated blood to the heart?

Answer 15

pulmonary vein

Question 16

What artery transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Answer 16

pulmonary artery

Question 17

What is the ultimate goal of emergency care?

Answer 17

To move air into the body so that all cells are perfused with oxygen.

Question 18

open and clear; free from obstruction

Answer 18

patent

Question 19

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Answer 19

tidal volume

Question 20

the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute

Answer 20

minute volume

Question 21

air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

Answer 21

dead air space

Question 22

What section of the brain controls respiration?

Answer 22

medulla oblongata

Question 23

The space between the lung tissue and chest wall

Answer 23

the pleural space

Question 24

low oxygen

Answer 24

hypoxia

Question 25

high carbon dioxide

Answer 25

hypercapnia

Question 26

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 26

chemoreceptors

Question 27

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

Answer 27

plasma oncotic pressure

Question 28

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Answer 28

hydrostatic pressure

Question 29

Carbon dioxide is off-loaded from the capillaries across the _________ membrane to the alveoli to be exhaled from the lungs.

Answer 29

alveolar

Question 30

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

Answer 30

stretch receptors

Question 31

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the blood vessels to ________.

Answer 31

constrict

Question 32

The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates blood vessels to __________.

Answer 32

relax

Question 33

blood vessel inability to control their diameter

Answer 33

loss of tone

Question 34

when capillaries become overly permeable or "leaky", allowing too much fluid to flow through their walls

Answer 34

permeability

Question 35

the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome in order to pump blood into the system

Answer 35

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Question 36

abnormally high pressure inside the the vessels

Answer 36

hypertension

Question 37

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

Answer 37

stroke volume

Question 38

Stroke volume depends on what three factors?

Answer 38

1. Preload (how much the heart is filled) 2. Contractility (how hard the heart squeezes) 3. Afterload (how much pressure the heart has to pump against in order to force blood out into the system)

Question 39

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute (heart rate x stroke volume)

Answer 39

cardiac output

Question 40

tachycardia

Answer 40

rapid heartbeat

Question 41

bradycardia

Answer 41

slow heartbeat

Question 42

This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the aveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Answer 42

V/Q match (ventilation/perfusion match)

Question 43

When does shock or hypoperfusion occur?

Answer 43

when a V/Q mismatch happens

Question 44

What are some signs and symptoms of a V/Q mismatch?

Answer 44

1. increased pulse 2. increased respirations 3. delayed capillary refill and pale skin 4. pupils may be dilated 5. patient may be sweaty even in cool environments

Question 45

What are the three spaces in the body where water is divided?

Answer 45

1. Intracellular (70%) 2. Intravascular (5%) 3. Interstitial (25%)

Question 46

an abnormally low amount of water in the body

Answer 46

dehydration

Question 47

swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space

Answer 47

edema

Question 48

What are the dependent parts of the body (those most subject to gravity)

Answer 48

hands, feet, and legs

Question 49

an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance

Answer 49

hypersensitivity