Emerging infectious diseases

Question 1

Why aren’t there any diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in temperate regions? (2 reasons)

Answer 1

1) not all mosquito species can carry pathogens - the mosquitoes that live in temperate regions don’t carry pathogens
2) colder weather inhibits transmission cycle

Question 2

T or F: most tropical diseases are stage 5 diseases

Answer 2

F - most temperate diseases are stage 5

Question 3

List 2 factors that mediated emergence of infectious diseases in the human population

Answer 3

1) hunter-gatherer to large, close knit agricultural communities –> easier for transmission to take place
2) domestication of Old World animals

Question 4

List 2 factors that facilitate zoonotic infections (from animals –> humans)

Answer 4

1) frequent close encounters with animals
2) similar physiology - ex. pathogens that have established a reservoir in monkeys are more likely to spread to humans bc monkeys and humans have similar physiologies

Question 5

What is a stage 2 pathogen. Give 2 examples

Answer 5

Ex. Rabies, avian influenza virus

A pathogen that can be transmitted from animals to humans, but cannot spread from human to human

Question 6

What is a stage 3 pathogen

Answer 6

Pathogens that spread from animal to humans, but have limited spread between humans

Question 7

T or F: we develop good immunity against temperate diseases but not against tropical diseases

Answer 7

T

Question 8

T or F: many vaccines are available for temperate diseases but not for tropical

Answer 8

T

Question 9

T or F: Most temperate diseases are stage 5

Answer 9

T

Question 10

T or F: most tropical diseases are transmitted from human to human via aerosols, close contact, or fomites

Answer 10

F - most tropical diseases are transmitted by insect vectors

Question 11

Most emerging infectious diseases emerge from ____

Answer 11

animals

Question 12

What stage of pathogen emergence did emerging infectious diseases come from?

Answer 12

Stage 1 - pathogens whose entire life cycle and transmission cycle stayed within animals only

Question 13

List 3 reasons why EIDs spread more rapidly now than they did before

Answer 13

1. globalization/travel
2. increased trade in animal products
3. larger cities

Question 14

What population is the first to be impacted by EIDs? Why?

Answer 14

Poorer population in rural areas - closer proximity to animals, less sanitation

Question 15

What is the strongest indicator for EIDs?

Answer 15

Poverty

Question 16

List 4 RNA viruses that the Aedes aegypti mosquito can transmit

Answer 16

Zika virus
Chikungunya virus
Yellow fever virus
Dengue virus

Question 17

Where is the Aedes mosquito endemic?

Answer 17

Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, Central America, Mexico, Southern US

Question 18

T or F: most EIDs are zoonotic

Answer 18

T

Question 19

What is AmBisome used to treat?

Answer 19

VL

Question 20

List 2 ways of contracting ML

Answer 20

1) L. braziliensis

2) treatment of CL –> parasites enters the nasal area –> inflammation in nose

Question 21

Which forms of Leishmania is present in the sandfly?

Answer 21

Amastigote, procyclics, metacyclics

Question 22

Amastigotes convert to which form of promastigote first?

Answer 22

procyclic

Question 23

Which promastigote form is infectious?

Answer 23

Metacyclic

Question 24

Which promastigote form is deposited into the skin of humans?

Answer 24

metacyclics