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Third Year Modules > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Everyday belief

A

Event > Emotional experience > Reaction

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2
Q

James-Lange (1890)

A

Event > Reaction > Emotional experience

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3
Q

Cannon (1927)

A

Event > Central Brain State (Thalamus) > Emotional Experience and Body Reaction together

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4
Q

Frameworks to study emotion

A
  • Affect program (evolutionary)
  • Socially constructed
  • Perception of bodily change
  • Result of cognitive appraisals
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5
Q

Emotion

A

A brief episode of coordinated brain, autonomic and behavioural changes that facilitate a response to an external or internal event of significance for the organism

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6
Q

Affective style

A

Relatively stable dispositions that bias an individual toward perceiving and responding to something with a particular emotional quality, emotional dimension or mood

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7
Q

Cognitive labelling theory

A

Emotions need

  1. High physiological arousal
  2. Emotional interpretation “label”
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8
Q

Two Factor Theory (Schachter & Singer, 1962)

A
  • 2 factors: autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation

- Evaluation leads to emotions

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9
Q

Component process model (Scherer, 1984)

A
  • Cognitive
  • Neuro-physiological
  • Motivational
  • Expression
  • Feeling
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10
Q

Objective measures

A
  • Behavioral correlates (observation, facial expression)
  • Physiological (e.g. skin conductance, heart rate)
  • Neural correlates (e.g. EEG, ERP)
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11
Q

Subjective measures

A
  • Subjective correlates (e.g. introspection, descriptive experiencing sampling)
  • Questionnaires (e.g. differential emotions scales, positive and negative affect schedule)
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12
Q

Indirect measures

A

Cognitive correlates (e.g. RT, memory)

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13
Q

Wheel of emotions (Plutchik, 1980)

A

8 Basic:

  • Joy
  • Trust
  • Fear
  • Surprise
  • Sadness
  • Disgust
  • Anger
  • Anticipation

8 Secondary:

  • Love
  • Submission
  • Awe
  • Disappointment
  • Remorse
  • Contempt
  • Aggressiveness
  • Optimism
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14
Q

3D Circumplex Model (Plutchik, 1980)

A

Added intensities (e.g. annoyance, anger, rage)

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15
Q

Criteria for basic emotions (Ekman, 1992)

A

A. To distinguish between emotions

  1. Distinctive universal signals
  2. Distinctive physiology
  3. Universal antecedent events
  4. Dedicated neural circuits

B. To distinguish emotions from other affective phenomena

  1. Presence in other primates
  2. Coherence among response systems
  3. Quick onset
  4. Brief duration
  5. Automatic appraisal
  6. Unbidden occurrence
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16
Q

Evidence for emotional categories

A
  • Distinctive universal signals
  • Distinctive physiology
  • Dedicated neural circuits
  • Universal antecedent events
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17
Q

Wundt (1910) dimensions

A
  1. Pleasure-displeasure
  2. Arousal-calmness
  3. Exertion-catharsis
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18
Q

Russell (1991) dimensions

A
  1. Arousal

2. Valence

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19
Q

Evidence for emotional dimensions

A
  • Subjective reports
  • Physiological specificity
  • Neural circuits
  • Cognitive appraisals
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20
Q

Conceptual Act Model

A

Discrete emotions are an illusion created by a cognitive process of categorizing core affect

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21
Q

Cognitive appraisal theory (Lazarus, 1966/82)

A

“Cognitive appraisal underlies and is an integral feature of all emotional states”

Event > Appraisal <> Emotion

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22
Q

Emotions without awareness (Zajonc, 1980)

A

Second route without appraisal: pre-cognitive emotions

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23
Q

How does Izard solve Lazarus and Zajonc debate?

A

Distinguishing between emotion and emotion schema

  • Emotion: coordinate response; doesn’t require prior appraisal
  • Emotion schema: mental frameworks to help organize information and integrates emotion responses with cognitive appraisals
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24
Q

Stimulus Evaluation Checks (Scherer, 1984/86)

A
  1. Novelty
  2. Intrinsic pleasantness
  3. Goal/need significance
  4. Coping potential
  5. Compatibility standards
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25
How cognitive processes influence emotions
1. Emotion regulation 2. Delay gratification 3. Emotion as a social construct (display rules and feeling rules)
26
Emotions' effect on perception
- Responses to masked stimulus - Orientation discrimination and fear - Semantic priming - Time - Steepness
27
Emotions' effect on attention
- Fear leads to more localized perceptual style | - Anxious people attend to threatening stimuli more
28
Emotions' effect on decision-making
- Somantic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1999) "Hunches" | - Iowa Gambling Task
29
Emotions' effect on judgment
- Happy: global, heuristics, stereotypes - Sad: behavioural, attention to detail - Broaden and build hypothesis - Attraction and liking - Affect as information
30
Emotions' effect on learning and memory
- Mood-state-dependent memory: consistency between moods at encoding and retrieval - Mood congruity: when content of story and mood are congruent one remembers better (encoding and retrieval) - Network theory of affect (Bower, 1981): mood as knot in semantic network
31
Emotions and performance
- Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908): Need the right level of arousal or anxiety for optimal performance
32
Expressions of emotion
- Facial expression - Vocal expression - Verbal expression - Body posture & gesture
33
Function of emotion expression
- Adaptive | - Communication
34
Ekman's Neuro-Cultural Theory
Elicitors > Facial affect program > Mediation by display rules > End product
35
Fridlund's Behavioral Ecology Theory
Considers private context and social context
36
Facial feedback hypothesis
- Feedback amplifies emotional intensity | - Supports James-Lange perspective
37
Journey of facial expression (Neuro)
1. Amygdala 2. Visual cortex 3. Visual cortex 4. Face-specific areas 5. Face-specific areas 6. Frontal cortex
38
How does affective style affect emotion perception?
Cognitie biases
39
How does affective style affect emotion production?
Change in responses
40
How does affective style affect emotion regulation?
Variation in magnitude
41
How does affective style affect emotion memory?
Selective remembering
42
Davidson (1998) reactivity theory
- Threshold differences - Peak/ amplitude - Risk time & recovery time - Duration
43
Emotional regulation points
- Situation selection - Situation modification - Attentional deployment - Cognitive change - Response modification
44
Regulation: when it works
- Range of emotions “available” - Optimal levels (experienced or expressed) - Maintain psychological wellbeing
45
Dysregulation: when it doesn't work
- Lack of emotional management - Inability to accommodate current situations - Emotional disorders
46
Great anterior cingulate cortex activation =
Better at reducing negative affect feelings
47
Temperament
Constitutionally based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation, in the domain of affect, activity and attention
48
Kagan's Model (1994): two dimensions for temperament
1. Inhibited: shy, avoid unfamiliarity, distressed by unfamiliarity, subdued emotion 2. Uninhibited: linked to secure attachment, sociable, approach unfamiliar things, spontaneous activity in unfamiliar situations, express positive emotions
49
Personality
Distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define an individual's personal style of interacting with the physical and social environment
50
Eysenck's three factor model
1. Neuroticism-Stability 2. Extraversion-Introversion 3. Ego control-Psychoticism
51
Reticulo-Cortical arousal
High: Introvert Low: Extrovert
52
Reticulo-Limbic arousal
High: Neurotic Low: Emotionally stable
53
Cloninger's Psychobiological Model (1987)
Four temperaments: 1. Novelty seeking 2. Harm Avoidance 3. Reward Dependance 4. Persistence Three personality types: 1. Self-directness 2. Co-operativeness 3. Self-transcendence
54
Gray's Behavioral Model (1982)
- Behavioral Inhibition System - Behavioral Activation System - Fight or flight system
55
Emotional labour
Management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display; sold for a wage
56
Four ways of "faking"
1. Exaggerate 2. Minimize 3. Counteract 4. Camouflage
57
Consequences of emotional labour
* Resource intense therefore can lead to burn out * Numbness and indifferences * Exhaustion, tiredness, boredom * Loss of self * Decreased well-being * Culture clashes (e.g. Russia and McDonalds) * Destruction of natural and spontaneous emotional presents * Morals? (e.g. for employees and customers)
58
OP/OB framework for organizational change
Specific change > Negative reaction > Consequences
59
New framework for organizational change
Add everyday events
60
Consequences of positive emotions in organizational change
- Increased engagement in work - Reinforced social ties within team - Increased altruism - "Undo" negative emotions
61
Consequences of negative emotions in organizational change
- Withdrawal from organization - Health issues - Loss of trust in management - Cynicism
62
Five basic modern fears
1. Extinction 2. Mutilation 3. Separation 4. Ego-death 5. Loss of autonomy
63
Repercussions of perfectionism
- Grandiosity - Short termism - Narrow perspective - Emphasis on product and reward - Over identification
64
When fear is fun: why?
* Adrenaline * Endorphins * Release from other stressors (displacement and distraction) * Sense of control or mastery * Missing from our lives (less dangers that in the olden days)
65
Normal sadness
Malignant sadness; depression
66
Happiness
Mania
67
Fear
Phobias
68
Anger
Uncontrolled; BPD
69
Surprise
Anxiety/ hypervigilance
70
Disgust
OCD; body dysmorphia
71
Rational-Emotion Behavior Therapy (Ellis, 1958)
A. Activating event B. Belief system (seen as an intervening causal factor) C. Emotional and behavioural consequences
72
Systematic desensitization
For phobias
73
Exposure and ritual presentation (ERP)
For OCD
74
Emotionally-Focused Therapy (EFT)
Emotional: - Awareness - Regulation - Reflection - Transformation
75
Bridge study (Dutton & Aron, 1974)
Concluded that misattribution of arousal lead to heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety
76
Structure of emotion (Barrett & Wager, 2011)
Neurobiological evidence suggests that location correspondences for emotion categories are not consistent or specific
77
Emotion Elicitation Methods
- Visual stimuli (pictures, film clips, virtual reality) - Auditory (music, acoustic sounds) - Imagination/ memory/ hypnosis - Performance feedback - Social interaction/ confederates
78
Cognitive control of emotion (Ochsner & Gross, 2005)
- Attentional control (attended vs. unattended) | - Cognitive change (controlled generation; controlled regulation)
79
Emotion and cognition (Phelps, 2006)
- Emotional learning - Emotion and memory - Attention and perception - Processing emotion in social stimuli - Changing emotional responses
80
Universals and cultural differences in emotion recognition (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2003)
- Universality - Ingroup advantage - Dialect theory of emotion
81
Facial expressions or situation (Carroll & Russell, 1996)
Situational rather than facial information determined the judged emotion
82
Emotional intelligence (Mayer et al., 2008)
- Specific ability: discrete mental abilities that process emotional information - Integrative model: mental abilities that combine skills from multiple EI areas Mixed model: other diverse attributes not focused on emotion directly are included (e.g. flexibility)
83
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
- Skin conductance | - Measured in microsiemens
84
Facial EMG
- Muscle activity | - Small electrodes
85
Affect in organizations (Barsade & Gibson, 2007)
Experiencing and expressing positive emotions and moods tend to enhance performance at individual, group and organizational levels but influence of negative affect is more complex - Performance - Creativity - Turnover/ absence - Prosocial behaviour - Negotiation and conflict resolution - Leadership
86
Affective biases (Denkova et al., 2012)
- Extraversion predicted recollection of positive AMs in men and women - Neuroticism predicted the proportion of negative AMs in men and frequency of rehearsing negative AMs in women - Reappraisal predicted positive AMs in men - Suppression predicted negative AMs in women - Positive memories had an indirect effect on postretrieval positive mood through extraversion - Reliving negative AMs has a direct effect on postretrieval negative mood (inefficient engagement of suppression in women)
87
Emotion in bipolar disorder (Gruber et al., 2012)
BD participants had selective deficit in maintaining negative but not positive emotions

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