Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
What is the cycle of procrastination?
A
I don’t do anything, I feel guilty, I doubt myself, I feel helpless, I don’t anything and so on and so forth
2
Q
What are Maslow’s 5 needs in order?
A
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
3
Q
What are motivational states?
A
psychological and physiological states that initiate and direct the organism towards or away from specific goals (i.e., the feeling of wanting something). These are momentary changes
4
Q
What are motivational states stopped by?
A
Approach behaviours and Avoidance behaviours
5
Q
What are approach behaviours? Example?
A
situations in which the state stops once you acquire a goal. Ex: hunger is a motivational state that makes us approach food. Once we have eaten the food, our hunger goes away. Bordom is another example of this.
6
Q
What are avoidance behaviours?
A
situations in which the state stops once you avoid a goal. Pain is an avoidance motivational state because it leads to you leaving a particular situation. Ex: you touch a hot surface and you pull away.
7
Q
What are the 2 categories of motivational states?
A
Biological motivational states
Acquired/Personal Motivational states
8
Q
Biological Motivational States
A
automatic, minimal conscious control over, help us survive and reproduce (e.g., hunger, thirst, fear, sexual arousal, etc.)
9
Q
Acquired/personal motivation states
A
learned, idiosyncratic, significant conscious control over, do not directly contribute to our immediate survival (e.g., a desire for education, wanting to go out this Friday night, wanting to be famous, a need for cognition, etc.). These vary a lot from person to person. They vary between cultures. They very rarely contribute to our immediate survival.
10
Q
What are biological motivational states broken down into?
A
Bodily sensations
Emotions
11
Q
What are bodily sensations? What are they marked by?
A
motivational states most often triggered by internal (bodily) events and marked by: (a) physiological arousal; (b) a dedicated and unambiguous neural signal that guides the organism towards specific action.
12
Q
What are emotions? What are they marked by?
A
motivational states most often triggered by external (world) events and marked by: (a) physiological arousal; (b) cognitive interpretation; and (c) observable facial and bodily expression.
13
Q
What are examples of bodily sensations?
A
hunger, thirst
14
Q
What are examples of emotions?
A
happiness, sadness, disgust
15
Q
How is your brain connected to the rest of your body? How does this relate to the ANS?
A
your brain is connected to the rst of your body through a wide array of nerves. Some will send signals to the brain that you have conscious control over but the ones we are interested in are a part of the autonomic nervous system.
16
Q
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
A
nerves that carry involuntary and automatic commands between the brain and blood vessels, body organs, and glands.
17
Q
What are the 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous system?
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
18
Q
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
A
(Go!): the branch that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations.
19
Q
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
A
(Calm down…): the branch that returns the body to its normal resting state.
20
Q
What is the Hypothalamus?
A
structure that is especially responsible for regulating bodily
sensations and supporting survival and reproduction.
21
Q
What are the 2 brain regions that the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems interact with?
A
The hypothalamus and the amygdala
22
Q
What is the hypothalamus in charge of?
A
regulating the four Fs
23
Q
What are the four Fs?
A
Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, and Mating
24
Q
Why do we say that bodily sensations are not ambiguous?
A
people don’t usually confuse one bodily sensation with another
25
What happens to rats who have their amygdala removed?
Rats who have their amygdala removed no longer feel fear and can’t learn about fear (e.g., if you shock them every time they press a button, they will keep pressing the button no matter what).
26
How do you know what you are experiencing (physical) James Lange?
Bodily sensations have dedicated brain regions and signals that communicate unambiguously whether you are, e.g., in pain, or hungry, or thirsty.
27
What is James-Lange Theory?
a stimulus causes unique physiological reactions which produces a dedicated emotional experience in the brain.
28
What are emotions according to James-Lange theory?
Emotions are then just like bodily sensations – unique physiological reaction for each unique emotion. They are unambiguous and there is a particular way in which your body reaction when you experience something that will cause fear etc.
29
What are the problems with James-Lange theory?
- Emotions are fast, Bodily sensations are slow
- Not enough signals and regions for each separate emotion. We have never been able to find pyschological reactions that are unique to a particular reaction
30
What does Cannon-Bard theory say?
(no interpretation!): a stimulus triggers both
physiological reaction and a separate brain-based emotional response
31
What does Cannon-Bard theory say about emotions?
Arousal comes after or at the same time as the emotion, but does not
cause the emotion itself.
This separate response is often an association that is biological or learned (e.g., our brains know to be afraid of fangs and teeth).
32
What is a good explanation for Cannon-Bard theory?
This theory says that emotions are unambiguous but the physiological arousal is not responsible for emotional states, your brain is. Arousal is coming at the same time or after but it isn’t related to the emotion you are experiencing. Instead, your brain has automatic associations. Like every time you see a smile, you are automatically happy. The lack of ambiguity is because the brain has different ways of interpereting these things
33
What do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theory both predict? What is the difference between their approach?
Both theories predict that emotions are unambiguous and clear-cut:
- You always know what you are feeling.
- You always know why you are feeling it.
James puts this in the body, Cannon puts this in the brain
34
What shows that Cannon and James are wrong?
Two famous experiments in psychology show that is false, and that people can both misinterpret what they are feeling, and be wrong about why they are feeling it.
35
What was the Amphetamine experiment?
an experiment in which all participants were given amphetamines (increasing arousal) and either told that they were given the drug, or were told it was just water. What do they experience?
36
What would James-Langes theory say about the Amphetamine experiment?
both groups experience arousal and therefore same emotion. (it doesn't matter what we tell participants)
37
What would the Cannon-Bard theory say about the amphetamine experiment?
the water group should feel no emotion, since they have no association between drinking water and emotions. (Because there is no association between drinking water and emotion, they shouldn’t feel any emotions)
38
What were the results of the amphetamine study that contradicted James and Cannon?
all participants experienced emotions, but it differed by group: the drug group experienced arousal as a pleasant sensation, the water group felt agitated and unpleasant.
39
What is the Capilano Suspension Bridge Study?
participants cross the (pretty scary) Capilano suspension bridge or a normal bridge, and then interact with an opposite-sex research assistant; they are later asked how attracted they were to them.
40
What would the James-Lange theory say about the Capilano Suspension bridge study?
no increased attraction, since arousal is unambiguously from bridge.
41
What would the Cannon-Bard study say about the Capilano Suspension Bridge study?
no increased attraction, since arousal is unambiguously from bridge.
42
What were the results of the Capilano suspension Bridge study that contradicted James and Cannon?
Capilano bridge group reported significantly higher attraction towards the research assistant than those crossing a normal bridge, misinterpreting their arousal from the bridge as attraction towards assistant. There was a misattribution of arousal.
43
What is the 2 factor theory?
(emotions are interpretation): emotions are inferences from physiological reactions: we experience arousal, and then try to find out why, leading to an emotional state.
44
What are the 2 main ideas of the 2 factor theory?
When we first observe a stimulus, a fast pathway leads directly to the amygdala and makes us act fast and feel an initial jolt of fear or surprise.
A separate slow pathway sends information to cortical regions of the brain, assessing if the threat is real, what the source is, and can revise that emotion into happiness, sadness, etc.
45
What are the 2 roles of emotions?
Emotions – unlike bodily sensations – serve two roles:
Internal Role (goals)
External role (information)
46
What is the internal role of emotions?
(goals): they help guide us towards particular goals (e.g., when I am feeling sad, I am much more likely to seek out comfort).
47
What is the external role of emotions?
(information): they communicate to others what our internal states are (e.g., sad faces notify others that we are sad and make them want to come comfort us). We’ll return to this on Friday.
48
What can be said about bodily senations?
- Drive us towards or away from specific
goals.
- Generated internally by our bodies for purpose of biological preservation.
- Physiological arousal leads to unambiguous sensation.
49
What can be said about emotions?
- Drive us towards or away from specific
goals.
- Sometimes internally generated, but mostly externally generated (e.g., by bears, bridges, etc.)
- Physiological arousal that is cognitively interpreted!
- Coupled with very clearly observable facial and body expressions.
50
What are Emotional Categories?
emotions can be separated into distinct categories, and all emotions are variations on these.
51
What are the conflicting perspectives of the idea of emotional categories?
-Categorical emotions are distinct states: they can’t be mixed.
- Non-categorical emotions are fluid, and like personality factors.
52
What is emotional Universailty? What are these theories usually tied to?
all human beings, at any age, in any culture, etc., experience the same emotions in the same way. Theories of universality are often tied to evolutionary pressures.
53
What is the discrete emotions theory? Is it categorical? Universalist?
(categorical and universalist) there is a limited number of basic/primary emotions, identical for all of us, each associated with specific biological and evolutionary function
54
What have most argued for as the primary emotions? How many are there?
6: Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Disgust, Fear.
55
What do the six basic emotions appear to be associated with?
distinct and non-confusable
facial expressions.
56
What is the generalized description for the happiness facial expression?
raising of mouth corners, crinkling of eyes.
57
What is the generalized description for the sadness facial expression?
lowering of mouth corners, raising inner
brows.
58
What is the generalized description for the Surprise facial expression?
brows arch, mouth open, jaw drops.
59
What is the generalized description for the Fear facial expression?
brows raise, eyes wide open, mouth slightly open.
60
What is the generalized description for the Disgust facial expression?
upper lip raised, nose bridge wrinkles, cheeks
raise.
61
What is the generalized description for the Anger facial expression?
brows lower, lips pressed, eyes bulging.
62
What suggests universality of facial expressions for the primary emotions?
These same expressions are present in non-human animals, in other cultures,
and even in newborn babies, suggesting universality.
63
What does discrete theory place value on?
The discrete theory places special value on face perception, arguing that we
have evolved to ”see” faces automatically.
64
What is the Fusiform Face Area (FFA)?
a dedicated brain area that processes and
distinguishes faces and facial expressions.
65
What is Prosopagnosia?
a neurological problem (usually from damage to the FFA) leading to “face blindness”: the inability to recognize or properly perceive faces.
66
What is the internal role of emotional expression?
Emotional expressions might help us deal with the emotion or the external
stimulus that generated it (internal role):
67
What is the internal role of the fear response? What does this mean in terms of type of motivational states?
Why does fear open eyes? To allow more information about the threat to come in. motivational state is to deal with that threat, often thorugh finsing an escape route. might be an adaptation that allows you to quiclly scan your envioronment
68
What is the internal role of the disgust response? What motivational state does this relate to?
Why does disgust crinkling our nose? To restrict the flow of foul air. motivational state to say stay away from that thing
69
What is constructed emotion theory?
(non-categorical and universalist) all emotions are a mixture of two specific factors: arousal and valance. Emotions are always fluidly interpreted.
70
What does constructed emotion theory suggest?
This theory suggests that arousal itself is not a precondition for emotion. Because you can also interperate the lack of arousal that there is an emtoion as well. At the end of the day, the reasons and way different people might be in the same state of arousal but it depends on the interperatiation of your situation.
71
How does your body signal to the brain that you should eat?
Two signals travel to the hypothalamus, generating sensation of hunger: Ghrelin and leptin
72
What is Ghrelin?
(hunger signal): a peptide secreted in the stomach when it is empty; stretching the stomach (usually from food) stops the secretion of ghrelin.
73
What is Leptin?
(not hungry signal): a hormone secreted by fat/adipose cells once the amount of fat reaches a genetically specified level; the amount of fat falling below this level stops the secretion of leptin.
74
What were the Leptin Mice?
mice whose DNA was altered so that their bodies do not
produce leptin and never feel full.
75
Is hunger impacted only by physiology?
no. Feelings of hunger can be strongly impacted not just by biology (e.g., leptin-
deficiency) but also by cognition.
76
What are eating disorders?
clinically diagnosed psychological disorder defined by abnormal eating habits (either insufficient or excessive).
77
What is true about eating disorders and gender?
Eating disorders are especially likely to affect young women, though rates in men are increasing. About 2% of Canadian women aged 15-24 are diagnosed with an eating disorder.
78
What is obesity?
eating disorder characterized by excessive eating and weight-gain that interferes with daily life. Obesity has a strong genetic component, including (in about 6-7% of all cases) reduced sensitivity to leptin.
79
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging, but relatively normal weight.
80
What is Anorexia nervosa?
eating disorder characterized by severe anxiety about being perceived as fat and intense restriction of food intake, leading to dramatically low weight. Patients with anorexia are not ghrelin-deficient:
they feel hunger normally, but willingly refuse to eat.
81
What is Puberty?
a complex process of physical and cognitive changes during which
children mature into adult bodies and become sexually active.
82
What is DHEA?
steroid that can be built into other hormones, including testosterone and estrogen; as a result, the accumulation of DHEA is the (slow) onset of puberty.
83
What is testosterone's role in puberty?
Testosterone (T) will subsequently and especially affect physical and sexual maturity of male organs, promote hair growth, etc.
84
What is estrogen's role in puberty?
Estrogen will subsequently and especially affect physical and sexual maturity of female organs, promote growth of breasts, onset of menstruation, etc.
85
What is testosterone like in non-human animals?
In non-human animals, testosterone and estrogen are like ghrelin: they flow
to the hypothalamus and increase sexual desire. Males will increase in sexual desire from testosterone. Females will increase in sexual desire from estrogen.
86
How is testosterone and estrogen unique in humans?
But in humans, the relationship is different complicated:
Males will increase in sexual desire from testosterone.
Females will also increase in sexual desire from testosterone, and will regularly have sex even when estrogen levels are low.
Your textbook goes through the sexual response cycle, which you should know.
87
What do theories of emotions vary on?
Theories of emotion vary on discreteness and universality but the most accepted theory is of basic emotions.
88
is Face perception deeply important to the brain?
yes. it has a dedicated region for it.
89
How are bodily sensations generated?
like arousal and hunger – are generated by dedicated signals (ghrelin, leptin, testosterone, etc.).
90
What are motives?
A force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way
91
Do we only have one type motive?
no we have many which can often pull us in different directions.
92
What is an instinct?
a genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way.
93
What is homeostasis?
The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation.
94
What is a drive?
A state of internal body tension, such as hunger or thirst or a need for sleep. Drives are disruptions in our biological or psychological homeostasis that motivate us to act.
95
What is the drive reduction account of motivation?
behavior that reduces the drive and thus helps return the body to equilibrium
96
What happens when you're cold?
a control center in your brain called the hypothalamus activates your sympathetic nervous system. which, among other things, constricts peripheral blood vessels
97
What is cool about the predictive nature of human's
We can anticipate future states, and thus pack warm clothes for a skiing trip.
98
What does drive theory say?
many different sources of tension can motivate us to act
99
What is the pain matrix?
A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala that respond to many types of pain.
100
What is motivational in regards to pain? Why is this not always true?
Our desire to avoid pain motivates our behavior. However, it is only partly true, because people sometimes act in ways that increase rather than decrease pain.
101
Why are people sometimes inclined to avoid their pain?
Sometimes the pain is necessary for them to achieve their goals
102
What is an example of nonsuicidal self-injury?
actions where self-harm seems to be an end unto itself (ex: cutting)
103
What demographic are more likely to self harm?
adolescents. Males and females equally. Typically at age 14.
104
What is the escape form self-hypothesis?
The experience of physical pain focuses on a person's attention concretely on the injury she is doing to herself in the present moment and the pain she is feelign as a consequence of self-harm. This decreases the person's awareness of broader concerns like intense helplessness, depression etc. It is the idea that self harm is motivated by a desire to reduce overall suffering even if that means encurring physical pain.
105
What are incentives?
positive goals that we seek to achieve
106
What do we mean when we say something is intrinsically rewarding?
being pursued for its own sake.
107
What do we mean when we say something is extrinsically rewarding?
being pursued because of the rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object.
108
What is a way in which pain and pleasure are different?
with pleasure, it seems to be particularly important to distinguish between anticipating and receiving the pleasurable stimulus. This is not the same with the pain matrix. which is anticipatin during both the reciept and the anticiaptionof disturbing or noxious stimuli.
109
What is the difference between liking, wanting and receiving?
Wanting, or anticipating a reward, activates different brain regions from liking, or receiving a reward
110
What is the glucostatic hypothesis?
the hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels.
111
what are adipose cells?
fatty cells
112
What is the lipostatic hypothesis?
The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating longer-term energy balance.
113
What is the body weight set point?
The rate at which the body uses energy
114
What is unit bias?
The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving
115
does unit size play a role in the rising levels of obesity?
yes
116
what is true about the social context and eating?
being in groups can lead to more eating, feeling self-conscious about eating habits can lead to less eating
117
What are our feeding patterns shaped by?
our specific cultural context/environment
118
What is Anorexia nervosa?
An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation.
119
What are common mental consequence of an eating disorder?
depression and substance abuse
120
Does anorexia nervosa have a genetic component?
yes
121
What is bulimia nervosa?
an eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts
122
do people with bulimia typically have a normal wieght?
yes
123
What is binge eating?
eating a large amount of food within a relatively brief time period (e.g., 2 hours), usually while feeling little or no control over what or how much one eats
124
With bulimia what are behaviours like vomiting called?
compensatory behaviours
125
What is BMI? How is it calculated?
a measure of whether someone is a healthy weight or not. It is calculated in one’s weight in kg divided by the square of one’s height in meters.
126
What BMI is considered overweight?
25 and 29.9
127
What has the WHO classified obesity as?
a global epidemic
128
Can being obese lead to a shorter life expectancy?
yes
129
What is the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis?
The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favoured individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage.
130
estrus
a mammal’s period of sexual receptivity
131
What is the duration of estrous dependent on?
the species
132
what determines a female rats sexual behaviour?
follicles (eggs) mature under the influence of pituitary secretion, the follicles produce estrogen, the concentration of estrogen in the blood stream rises, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to change its secrets to increase follicle growth, the follicle ruptures and secretes the mature egg, the female then becomes estrous.
133
What is unique about human sexual drive?
can respond sexually at virtual all points of their menstral cycle.
134
What sex hormone is correlated with testosterone levels?
libido
135
why do men typically show stronger sex drive?
they have higher testosterone levels
136
How are hormonal influences evident in womens sexual preferences?
some womens sexual desire increases in the middle of their cycle when ovulation occurs
137
how have we gathered data about human sexual response?
the study of hundreds of men and women who masturbated or had sex in a lab
138
How many phases characterize the human sexual response?
4
139
What are the 4 phases of the human sexual response?
excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase
140
What is excitement phase (sex)?
heart rate and blood pressure increase, breathing quickens, increase in muscle tension, blood flow to sexual organs
141
What is the plateau phase? (sex)
heart rate, blood pressure increase, breathing, and muscle tension continue to rise but more slowly. Muscle tightens at base of penis or the vagina.
142
What is the orgasm phase?
heightened arousal, series of rhytmic muscle contractions that lead to ejaculation or vaginal contractions
143
What is the resolution phase?
heart rate and blood pressure drop and muscles relax
144
What does sexual orientation usually predate?
an individual's first sexual encounter
145
what is the earliest age we start feeling attracted to others (either sex)?
about 3 or 4
146
When does the first real sexual attraction occur?
age 10
147
When does sexual orientation become crystallized?
after puberty
148
IS sexual orientation genetic? How do we know?
yes there is a genetic component. If an identical twin is gay, the other is also 50% likely to be gay. This reduces to a 22% chance in fraternal twins.
149
are children who grow up with gay parents more likely to be gay?
no
150
What is the Neurodevelopmental perspective?
This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain early in fetal development.
151
What is the fraternal birth order effect?
compared to heterosexual men, gay man are more likely to have older brothers and the likelihood of being gay increases with each older brother.
152
What is one way in which the need to fit in can be described as?
another form of drive reduction
153
is loneliness correlated to depression? What matters most (perception or reality)?
yes. Perception of being isolated matters most.
154
What is drive reduction theory?
drive-reduction theory suggests that unpleasant drives (in this case, psychological drives like rejection and isolation) are unpleasant. As such, we are motivated to take steps to reduce those feelings
155
What does the motive to achieve determine?
the challenges we undertake and the degree to which we persist when difficulty arises.
156
How does the motive to achieve have a dual aspect?
we want to avoid failing but we also want to succeed.
157
In terms of the motive to succeed, which individuals are more likely to succeed?
individuals with a desire for success rather than a fear of failure
158
What is performance orientation?
a motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart
159
What is mastery orientation?
a motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving
160
What type of motivation is a performance orientation?
an avoidance motivation
161
What happens when poepel with performance motivation get negative feedabck?
they are more likely to withdraw and shift their focus elsewhere
162
what is a mastery orientation associated with? Why type of motivation is it? What are they likely to do in the face of adversity?
high levels of interest and a deep engagement with the material. An approach motivation. Increase their effort
163
What mindset is associated with mastery orientation vs performance orienatation?
Mastery orientation is associated with a growth mindset, fixed orientation is associated with a fixed mindset.
164
What is the hierarchy or motives?
the order in which needs are thought to become dominant
165
What is self-trancendance? Where is it on the heirarchy of needs?
The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self. At the top of the heirarchy.
166
What do individualst vs collectivist societies tend to prioritize in terms of the heirarchy of needs?
individualist societies tend to place self-actualization above self-transcendence, whereas collectivist societies tend to reverse that ordering, putting self-transcendence above self-actualization
167
What are emotions?
the coordinated behaviours, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals.
168
What is a piece of evidence that facial expressions are part of our evolutionary heritage?
individuals who are congenitally blind express emotions in much the same way that sighted people do, even though they could not have learned these expressions through imitation
169
can our interpretation of of facial expressions changed based on body language?
yes.
170
What are display rules?
cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion
171
What is the major difference between Western and Asian display rules?
asian display rules are more restrictive. Less display of positive or negative emotion
172
What is the discrete emotions approach?
An approach to analyzing emotions which focuses on defining specific categories of emotions.
173
What is the dimensions approach?
An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation
174
What is an example of the dimensional approach to emotions?
uses dimensions rather than categories to make sense of emotion: “more this” or “less that” rather than “this type” versus “that type.”
175
What is alexythemia?
an extreme difficulty in identifying and labelling one’s emotions
176
What responds when we experience heightened emotions?
the sympathetic nervous system which affects numerous body systems and organs
177
What is the general sequence of events portrayed by the William-James thoery?
stimulus, specific physiological response, emotional experience.
178
What is the general sequence of events portrayed by the Cannon-Bard theory?
Stimulus, specific physiological response and emotional experience simultaneously
179
What is the general sequence of events portrayed by the Shakter Singer (Two Factor) theory?
sitmulus, general physiological response, judgement, emotional experience
180
What is an important social factor of facial expressions?
to facilitate interpersonal coordination by signaling social intent
181
What is empathy?
The capacity to accurately track what others are feeling
182
what is an important determinant of empathy accuracy?
the expressiveness of someone else’s facial signs of emotion
183
What is Affect-as-information perspective
The idea that affective states play an important role in shaping problem solving and decision making.
184
how is a feeling of sadness a cue?
a cue that things are not going well for you at the moment, so that your thinking becomes more systematic, analytical, and careful
185
How is feeling happy a cue?
a cue that things are going well, and your thinking becomes more expansive and creative.
186
What do positive emotions broaden?
our behavioural and cognitive repertoire
187
What does fear maximize?
it directs our attention in ways that maximize our motivation to avoid negative outcomes.
188
What nervous system is fear associated with?
The sympathetic nervous system
189
Do physiological changes in relation to emotion play a causal role in memory?
Yes.
190
What are inappropriate emotional responses correlated with?
many forms of self-destructive behavior and even in forms of psychopathology, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder
191
When can emotions be harmful?
if the wrong type, poorly timed, wrong intensity for the situation
192
What are the 5 types of emotion regulation strategies?
situational selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, response modulation
193
Which 2 strategies for regulating emotion have recieved the most attention?
reaprasal, suppression
194
What is situational selection?
Choosing to expose yourself to some situations (and not others) based in part on the emotional impact you expect the situation to have.
195
What is an example of situational selection?
if you really like a friend who lives down the hall from you, you might make an extra point of walking by her room so you can chat with her, giving a nice boost to your mood.
196
What is situational modification?
changing one or more aspects of a situation you are in so it has a different emotional impact on you.
197
What is an example of situation modification?
if you're being distracted in class by a student who keeps watching youtube videos, you can shift several seats over to limit your annoyance.
198
What is attentional deployment?
changing your attentional focus
199
What is an example of attentional deployment?
you can shift your attention to your plans for later if you're bored in the evening by a class presentation
200
What is cognitive change?
modifying your thinking in order to change how you feel
201
What is an example of cognitive change?
if a friend doesn't respond to your greeting, you can think about how preoccupied she must be rather. than thinking that she was blowing you off.
202
What is response modulation?
Changing one or more aspects of your emotional responses
203
What is an example of response modulation?
you might exaggerate your pleasure at receiving a gift from your parents even if its not something you wanted.
204
What is reappraisal?
A type of emotional regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one’s emotional response to that situation
205
What is supression?
A type of emotional regulation that involves inhibiting one’s ongoing emotion expressive-behaviour.
206
What seems to be the best way to regulate emotion in general? Why?
reappraisal because suppressing an emotion may block the display of it but it doesn't go away.
207
What does suppression lead to? Why?
even greater sympathetic nervous system activation because the individual must assert self-control to keep the emotion from showing
208
Does suppressing emotions negatively impact memory?
yes
209
What part of the brain does reappraisal activate?
the pre-frontal cortex and decreases activation in amygdala
210
What are the three theories for what is responsible for increasing or decreasing the things we feel motivated towards?
Instinct theory
Drive Theory
Incentive Theory
211
What is instinct Theory?
motivational states are evolutionary adaptations. (evolutionary behaviours you don't really have achoice over)
212
What is drive theory?
motivational states are biological build-ups within us.
213
What are incentive theories?
motivational states are things we feel rewarded versus punished for; we try to maximize rewards and minimize punishment.
214
What is an instinct?
a non-learned (“innate”) complex behavior programmed throughout
a species to increase the chance of survival and sexual reproduction.
215
What characterizes an instinct?
The behavior is automatic and thought to be product of natural or sexual selection.
216
What are the problems with instincts?
- motivational states are not automatic
If you are hungry, you can usually wait or ignore this until a more convenient time.
- Proliferation of instincts
Do we have an “instinct for a medium-roast coffee” or a “language instinct”?
Even bees communicate and make decisions
Bees do not just automatically make decisions: they communicate with pheromones and a “waggle dance” and make a consensus decision!
217
What is homeostasis?
the tendency for a system to take actions to keep itself in a
particular balanced state.
218
What is a drive?
motivational states are caused by your body’s physiology in order to maintain homeostasis in various systems.
219
When do drives activate? Example?
- Drives only activate when something is out of balance.
- For example, when your stomach detects a lack of food, it sends signals to your brain to make you hungry. Getting just enough food returns it to the balanced state and you no longer feel hungry.
220
What is boredom according to the Drive Theory?
According to the Drive Theory, boredom is a kind of drive: we want some arousal
but not too much arousal.
221
What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?
the U-shaped relationship between amount of arousal and performance on a task. For every person this relationship is the same. Performance suffers when you are under no stress and when you have too much stress.
222
What are the problems with Drives? Example?
- Problem #1: We do things without need for homeostasis, or when we are
clearly already off-balance
Ever had a dessert on a full stomach? Ever procrastinated on a task that you know you should be doing?
- Problem #2: While a somewhat good account of biological motivational states, like hunger, it struggles to explain acquired motivational states.
What is the homeostatic state of wanting to become a doctor? Can you be too much of a doctor?
223
What does the incentive theory say?
we seek out both things that we require to survive (hunger, thirst) and things that we find will get rewarded for; we avoid things that we will get punished for.
If the expected reward or the perceived value of a reward grows, so does motivation (e.g., value of food rises the longer we haven’t eaten).
But, impulsiveness/inability to wait, effort, and time matter: the longer we have to wait for the reward, the less motivated to go for it now.
For example, many people procrastinate because the lure of momentary reward, like watching TV, is higher than the longer-term reward of getting a good grade
224
What is intrinsic motivation?
motivation that is marked by expected reward and value that is internal (e.g., personal enjoyment, sense of mastery).
Good because people will readily seek out these activities on their own, and do them at various intervals.
225
What is extrinsic motivation?
motivation that is marked by expected reward and value that is external (e.g., praise, money).
Good when expected reward is high enough and will be given very quickly after the activity. But as we devalue external reward, or as that reward becomes more distal, our motivation steeply drops.
226
how can extrinsic motivation shift to intrinsic?
Activities that are initially difficult and that we only do for external reward (e.g., studying) can eventually become something we prize for purely intrinsic reasons (e.g., desire to learn and grow).
227
how can intrinsic motivation shift to extrinsic?
But if we take activities that we intrinsically enjoy and suddenly become externally rewarded for them, we often lose intrinsic motivation and only feel like doing the activity if there is a direct promise of a reward we want right now.
228
What is the Capgras syndrome?
a neurological disorder in which the patient no longer feels emotions from visual stimuli; this leads them to cognitively infer many atypical thoughts (e.g., that their loved ones are intruder replicas).
229
What is true of someone with capgras syndrome? How did their disorder emerge?
The person no longer experiences positive reward for seeing their family members, and interprets this lack of motivation towards them as evidence that they are not real.
The disorder emerges from a breakdown in the neural connections between vision and the amygdala.
230
What are acquired motivational states?
One’s personality, culture, experiences, etc., make certain behaviours more desirable and rewarding and current theory is that most acquired motivational states come from incentives.
231
What are the relatively common clusters of motivation that mgiht be common across people?
Need for belonging, for achievement, and for cognition. Existential/humanistic theories also emphasize need for meaning/actualization.
232
What is the need for belonging? What are the results?
Need for belonging, for achievement, and for cognition. Existential/humanistic theories also emphasize need for meaning/actualization.
The need might be universal, but the behaviors it leads to are highly idiosyncratic and culturally-dependent.
When unable to satisfy this motivational state, people experience loneliness and rejection, which stimulate some of the same pain centers as when we are in physical pain.
Perpetual loneliness increases the chance of negative health outcomes, including higher rates of depression, cardiovascular problems, and early mortality.
232
What is the need for achievement?
a motivational state that drives us towards creating,
succeeding, and being recognized for some behaviour we perform.
233
What are the 2 individual differences in how we focus on the need for achievement?
performance orientation
Mastery orientation
234
What is performance orientation?
a persistent focus on outward markers of performance, on avoiding failure at all cost, and not being an outlier.
235
What is mastery orientation?
a persistent focus on learning and improving, even at a cost of persistent failure and public knowledge about it.
236
What is the need for cognition?
a motivational state that drives us effortful, difficult, and challenging cognitive tasks, even for pleasure and to alleviate boredom.
237
What are the main acquired motivational states?
need for belonging, need for achievement, need for cognition, need for meaning
238
What is the need for meaning?
Some humanistic/existential psychologists have theorized that human beings
also have a drive towards finding meaning in their life.
239
What is Maslow's Heirarchy of needs?
a theorized ranking of motives that puts physiological and social motives on the bottom, and meaning/actualization (and perhaps self-transcendence) at the top; a top level need does not emerge until the bottom ones are satisfied first.
240
What are the main issues with the hierarchy of needs?
methodological problems
White, Male, anglo Saxon
Clearly falsified
241
What is the methodological problem with Maslow's needs?
Maslow created his theory exclusively with biographical analyses of famous people, which is prone to biases.
242
What is the problem with White, Male, Anglo-Saxon in Maslow's hierarchy?
Maslow created his theory exclusively with biographical analyses of famous people, which is prone to biases.
243
What is clearly falsifiable in Malsow's theory?
many people report having their social needs fully met while still experiencing hunger and safety issues.
244
What are the classic theories of motivational states?
classic theories of motivational states see them as instincts or drives
245
What are modern theories on motivational states focused on?
modern theories focus on incentives, leading. toimportant predictions about instrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
246
Why are acquired motivational states tough to study? What do we believe is the best way to do this?
Acquired motivational states are tough to study because of their variability, but we think incentives are the right model and that there are some common clusters we can study.
247
what is valence?
valence is the idea of how positive or negative something is. (do you like or dislike something?)
