Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

An immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts.

Answer 1

Emotion

Question 2

Physiological Arousal, Expressive Behaviors, Conscious Experience

Answer 2

Three components of emotions

Question 3

The subjective experience of the emotion

Answer 3

Feeling

Question 4

Emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures).

Answer 4

Primary Emotions

Question 5

Blends of Primary Emotions

Answer 5

Secondary Emotions

Question 6

Sadness, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Surprise, Contempt

Answer 6

Examples of Primary Emotions

Question 7

Remorse, Guilt, Shame, Jealousy, Pride, Love, Contentment

Answer 7

Examples of Secondary Emotions

Question 8

How negative or positive an emotion is

Answer 8

Valence

Question 9

How much physiological activation is present

Answer 9

Arousal

Question 10

The part of the brain involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses.

Answer 10

Limbic System

Question 11

Receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body, and is involved in the subjective awareness of bodily states, such as sensing your heartbeat or feeling hungry. Particularly active when experiencing disgust or seeing in other people.

Answer 11

Insula

Question 12

Amygdala processes the emotional significance of stimuli, and generates immediate and behavioral reactions. It is important for emotional learning, like classically conditioned fear response, and general fear responses.

Answer 12

Amygdala

Question 13

Quick and dirty system, processes sensory information nearly instantaneously. Travels directly from thalamus to amygdala. Fast pathways prepares you for threat.

Answer 13

Fast Pathway

Question 14

Sensory material travels from the thalamus to the cortex, where the information is scrutinized in greater depth before it is passed along to the amygdala. Slow pathway confirms the threat.

Answer 14

Slow Pathway

Question 15

A polygraph is an electronic instrument that assesses the body’s physiological response to questions. It records numerous aspects of arousal, such as breathing rate and heart rate. It’s not utilized now.

Answer 15

Polygraph

Question 16

A theory of emotion stating that people perceive specific patterns of bodily responses and as a result of that perception feel emotion. Stimulus –> arousal –> emotion

Answer 16

James-Lange Theory

Question 17

A theory of emotion stating that information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions, respectively. Emotion<–Stimulus–>Arousal

Answer 17

Cannon-Bard Theory

Question 18

A theory of emotion stating that the label applied to physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion. Stimulus –> Arousal –> Attribution –> Emotion Label

Answer 18

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Question 19

When people misidentify the source of arousal

Answer 19

Misattribution of Arousal

Question 20

People attempt not to respond at all to the emotional stimulus.

Answer 20

Suppression

Question 21

Involves thinking about, elaborating on, and becoming stuck in a cycle of undesired thoughts or feelings.

Answer 21

Rumination

Question 22

You can directly alter emotional reactions to events by reappraising those events in more neutral terms.

Answer 22

Change the Meaning

Question 23

Taking a different perspective can help temper strong emotions.

Answer 23

Create mental distance

Question 24

Humor increases positive affect. When you find something humorous, you smile, laugh, and enter a state of pleasurable, relaxed excitation.

Answer 24

Find Humor

Question 25

Direct your attention elsewhere, to different aspects of your emotion

Answer 25

Refocus your attention

Question 26

Doing something else instead of the activity or thinking other things is a good way of regulating emotions.

Answer 26

Distract yourself

Question 27

Six basic internal human emotions (i.e., happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) are expressed using the same facial movements across all cultures, supporting universal recognition. Support is strongest for happiness, lowest for fear and disgust.

Answer 27

Facial Expressions Across Cultures

Question 28

The expression of emotion is universal and should therefore be expressed similarly across race or culture

Answer 28

Universality of Emotions

Question 29

Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations. Help explain cultural stereotypes and face recognition.

Answer 29

Display Rules

Question 30

Emotional and affective states that people want to feel or that cultures especially value. Western European and North American cultures prefer high-arousal emotions such as excitement and enthusiasm, whereas Asian cultures value low-arousal emotions such as calmness and tranquility

Answer 30

Ideal Affect

Question 31

A negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation. Can strengthen social bonds. Guilt is strongly influenced by social environment and parenting.

Answer 31

Guilt

Question 32

Communicates a realization of interpersonal errors. People tend to feel this after violating a cultural norm, being clumsy, getting teased, or experiencing a threat to their self-image

Answer 32

Embarrassment

Question 33

A process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior towards a goal.

Answer 33

Motivation

Question 34

A state of deficiency, which can be biological, social, or psychological.

Answer 34

Need

Question 35

Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs.

Answer 35

Need Hierarchy

Question 36

State that occurs when people achieve their own best self.

Answer 36

Self-Actualization

Question 37

A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need.

Answer 37

Drive

Question 38

The tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium.

Answer 38

Homeostasis

Question 39

The psychological principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. After that, additional arousal impairs performance.

Answer 39

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 40

External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors.

Answer 40

Incentives

Question 41

Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed.

Answer 41

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 42

Motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose.

Answer 42

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 43

The expectation that your efforts will lead to success.

Answer 43

Self-Efficacy

Question 44

The process by which people direct their behavior toward the attainment of goals.

Answer 44

Self-regulation

Question 45

The need for interpersonal attachments, a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes.

Answer 45

Need to belong

Question 46

The idea that people are motivated to achieve harmony in their interpersonal relationships. A triad is balanced when the relationships are all the same direction or if two relationships are negative and one is positive.

Answer 46

Balance Theory

Question 47

The unpleasant feeling of being aware of holding two conflicting beliefs or a belief that conflicts with behavior

Answer 47

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 48

A need for sense of self that is coherent and stable

Answer 48

Self-Affirmation

Question 49

Strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when they are aroused or threatened.

Answer 49

Core values