Personality

Question 1

A person’s characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

A pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that is relatively consistent over time and across situations.

Answer 2

Personality

Question 3

Twin studies have consistently shown that genetic factors play a significant role in shaping personality traits, such as extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins suggest that genetic factors account for about 50% of individual differences in personality, while environmental factors such as upbringing, culture, and life experiences contribute to the remaining 50%. Twin studies have also been used to investigate the heritability of specific personality disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Answer 3

Twins and Personality

Answer 4

Adoption Studies

Question 5

Biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways.

Answer 5

Temperaments

Question 6

Activity Level, Emotionality, Social Level

Answer 6

Three factors of temperament

Question 7

Approaches to studying personality that focus on how individuals differ in personality dispositions.

Answer 7

Trait Approach

Question 8

The idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Answer 8

Five-factor Theory (OCEAN

Question 9

Stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect the perception and learning of social behaviors, which in turn are linked to existing environmental structures

Answer 9

Biological Trait Theory

Question 10

Shy Reserved

Answer 10

Intraversion

Question 11

Sociable Outgoing Bold

Answer 11

Extraversion

Question 12

Consistency in a person moods and emotions

Answer 12

Emotional Stability

Question 13

Frequent and dramatic mood swings, especially toward negative emotions, compared with people who are more emotionally stable.

Answer 13

Neuroticism

Question 14

A mix of aggression, poor impulse control, self-centeredness, and lack of empathy.

Answer 14

Psychoticism

Question 15

People who are extraverted have lower baseline levels of arousal. To function optimally, they seek exciting activities. Introverts, by contrast, are people who have higher levels of arousal.

Answer 15

Optimal Arousal

Question 16

Brain system involved in pursuit of rewards

Answer 16

Behavioral Approach System (BAS)

Question 17

Brain system that monitors threats and environment, and slows down the body.

Answer 17

Behavioral Inhibition System

Question 18

The brain system that responds to punishment by directing an organism to freeze, run away, or engage in defensive fighting.

Answer 18

Fight-flight-freeze system

Question 19

Approaches to studying personality that emphasize how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding.

Answer 19

Humanistic Approach

Question 20

People’s personal beliefs about how much control they have over outcomes in their lives.

Answer 20

Locus of control

Question 21

The theory that the expression of personality can be explained by the interaction of environment, person factors, and behavior itself.

Answer 21

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 22

The tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking about difficult questions or problems.

Answer 22

Need for Cognition

Question 23

The theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits.

Answer 23

Situationism

Question 24

The theory that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions.

Answer 24

Interactionism

Question 25

Person-centered approaches to assessing personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons.

Answer 25

Idiographic approaches

Question 26

Approaches to assessing personality that focus on the variation in common characteristics from person to person.

Answer 26

Nomothetic approaches

Question 27

Personality tests that examine tendencies to respond in a particular way by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli.

Answer 27

Projective Measures

Question 28

A knowledge structure that contains memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self and that helps people efficiently perceive, organize, interpret, and use information related to themselves.

Answer 28

Self-schema

Question 29

When considering themselves or their personalities, people are especially likely to mention characteristics that distinguish them from other people.

Answer 29

Working Self Concept

Question 30

The evaluative aspect of the self-concept in which people feel worthy or unworthy.

Answer 30

Self-esteem

Question 31

An internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection.

Answer 31

Sociometer

Question 32

In the psychological sense of narcissism, self-centered people view themselves in grandiose terms, feel superior to others and entitled to special treatment, and are manipulative

Answer 32

Narcissism

Question 33

Narcissism, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism

Answer 33

Dark Triad

Question 34

Humanism, Faith in Humanity, Kantianism

Answer 34

Light Triad

Question 35

The tendency for people to evaluate their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with other people’s.

Answer 35

Social Comparison

Question 36

The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors.

Answer 36

Self-serving biases