Emotion And Stress

Question 1

The first pair of Ekman’s universal emotions

Answer 1

Happiness and sadness

Question 2

Expression of happiness

Answer 2

Smiling and wrinkling of one’s brows

Question 3

Expression of sadness

Answer 3

The corners of the mouth are lowered and the inner side of the brows are raised

Question 4

Expression of surprise

Answer 4

Opening on;es eyes wide, thereby raising the eyebrows, and optionally by opening one;s mouth slightly

Question 5

Expression of fear

Answer 5

Involves widening the yes and raising one’s eyebrows, but with lips retracted backwards towards the ear

Question 6

Expression of anger

Answer 6

Expressed by lowering one’s eyebrows, pressing one’s lips together, and glaring

Question 7

Expression of disgust

Answer 7

Shown by wrinkling one’s nose and possibly lifting up one’s upper lip

Question 8

Eva an originally proposed 6 universal emotions but later on argued a 7th one? What is it and how is it facially expressed?

Answer 8

Contempt. Pulling a corner of the mouth upwards

Question 9

What general region of the brain is associated with emotion? Which specific organ is mainly associated with emotion?

Answer 9

Limbic system; amygdala

Question 10

This organ is an important link between the nervous and endocrine system. The amygdala has neurons that project to this organ

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

These 2 organs both play important roles in translating between stimuli, conscious perceptions, and the physiological manifestations of emotion.

Answer 11

Amygdala and Hypothalamus

Question 12

Emotions like anxiety and fear are associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system. What are the effects of “fight or flight” response activation?

Answer 12

Dilation of pupils, increased conductivity of the skin, reduced peristalsis and less blood flow to the muscles responsible for digestion, and increased blood sugar levels.

Question 13

The 3 components of emotion

Answer 13

Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral

Question 14

Three main theories that have been proposed to account for links among the cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components are

Answer 14

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
*also know the Lazarus theory

Question 15

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 15

Stimulus -> Physiological response -> emotional response

We perceive the physiological response as emotion

Question 16

How is the Schachter-Singer theory an improvement of Jame-Lange

Answer 16

It added cognitive appraisal of the context

Question 17

Outline of emotion with the Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 17

Stimulus -> physiological response -> appraise that response in context -> conscious emotion and/or behavior

Question 18

Cannon-Bard theory outline of emotion

Answer 18

Stimulus -> physiological response and emotional response in the brain happen SIMULTANEOUSLY and SEPARATELY -> emotional response

Question 19

What is the difference between the Schachter-Singer and Lazarus theory?

Answer 19

Lazarus theory includes cognitive labeling but says it comes first before the physiological response while for Schachter-Singer theory, contextual appraisal is highly linked to physiological response

Question 20

These type of stressors are outside of our control

Answer 20

Independent stressors

Ex. Cataclysmic events, unexpected illnesses, car accident through no fault of one’s own.

Question 21

Type of stressors that are impacted by our own behaviors and to some extent are therefore, within our control

Answer 21

Dependent stressors

Question 22

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 22

Have to choose between 2 bad options

Question 23

Approach-approach conflict

Answer 23

Have to choose between 2 good options

Question 24

Approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 24

Have to make a decision that has both upsides and downsides

Question 25

Double-approach avoidance conflict

Answer 25

Have to choose between 2 options that each have upsides and downsides

Question 26

The discrepancies that exist in the degree to which certain things stress people out

Answer 26

Stress appraisal

Question 27

Refers to the process through which a person sees a certain event as a threat or a stressor

Answer 27

Primary appraisal

Question 28

Refers to a person’s assessment of his or her ability to deal with that stressor

Answer 28

Secondary appraisal

Question 29

A form of stress that has a negative effect on you

Answer 29

Distress

Question 30

Refers to positive stress

Answer 30

Distress *when stress brings out the best in us Can also be graduation, employment, marriage

Question 31

Refers to stressors that don’t have much impact on you one way or another.

Answer 31

Neustress- neutral stress

Question 32

The outline provided in the concepts known as General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 32

Alarm -> Resistance -> Exhaustion

Question 33

Described as the initial response to stress. A stage in which the nervous system become activated to marshal the fight-or-flight response needed to deal with an acute stressor

Answer 33

Alarm

Question 34

This stage is mediated by the steroid hormone cortisol, which is responsible for chronic stress response

Answer 34

Resistance

Question 35

The stage in which body’s resources will be drained at which points= the body becomes more vulnerable to the long-term negative side effects of stress.

Answer 35

Exhaustion

Question 36

Chronic stress may serve as a ____________ variable for observe relationships between lower socioeconomic status and higher rates of negative health outcomes

Answer 36

Mediating

Question 37

Repeated exposure to stressors that one is unable to change or avoid can lead to this phenomenon

Answer 37

Learned helplessness

Question 38

Learned helplessness has been linked to psychiatric conditions such as

Answer 38

Depression

Question 39

Which hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex

Answer 39

Cortisol and epinephrine

Question 40

Physiological response to chronic stressors

Answer 40

General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 41

Cognitive and behavioral response to chronic stressors

Answer 41

Learned helplessness