Language

Question 1

Deals with the speech sounds that we produce, often on a level that doesn’t consciously register with us as speakers or contribute directly to meaning

Answer 1

Phonetics

Question 2

Deals with how we structure and organize speech sounds in ways that do affect meaning, as well as processes that affect such sounds.

Answer 2

Phonology

Question 3

Units of sound that distinguish meaning in each language

Answer 3

Phonemes- phonological are interested in this

Question 4

Refers to the study of how words are formed

Answer 4

Morphology

Ex. Addition of “-er” or “-or” suffix to a verb, creates a noun that describe someone who engages in that action

Question 5

Specializes in meaning, either on the level of words or sentences

Answer 5

Semantics

Question 6

The analysis of non-literal meaning, which, when you think about it, is a basic component of how we interact with each other.

Answer 6

Pragmatic

Ex. We can choose to be polite or rude, to tell lie a lie or truth, etc.

Question 7

A psychological school that is pioneered by B.F. Skinner which focused exclusively on observable behavior, and thought of learning strictly in terms of concrete behavior that emerged in response to rewards or punishments.

Answer 7

Behaviorism

Question 8

This theory states that language is a learned behavior that develops in response to environmental stimuli and responses, ranging from direct coaching to how a verbal request for a cookie may be rewarded with a tasty baked snack.

Answer 8

Learning theory of language

BF Skinner denied the existence of any specialized capacity for language in the brain

Question 9

Theory developed by Noam Chomsky that places a strong emphasis on the idea that humans have a hard-wired neural capacity for learning language. Our ability to learn language is native, or in-born

Answer 9

Nativist theory of language acquisition

• language acquisition device- general capacity distributed throughout teh brain for language (this is before modern brain imaging)
• treats nurture or environment only as a secondary influence

Question 10

A central aspect of Chomsky’s approach to language is that it posits deep, underlying, and somewhat abstract linguistic structures that undergo transformations to generate the structures that we produce when we speak.

Answer 10

Generative linguistics

Question 11

This theory places a greater emphasis on how children interact with their environment

Answer 11

Interactionist theory

• doesn’t deny our inborn capacity for language
• views environmental input less of rewards and punishments, and more an interactive process

Question 12

The idea that the grammatical categories- like present, past, and future tenses of verbs, and things like conditional and subjunctive moods- and vocabulary of the language that we speak can shape our cognition

Answer 12

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis or linguistic relativity

Question 13

A claim that language actually dictates thought is

Answer 13

Linguistic determinism

Question 14

Linguistic relativity always involves some link to ____________

Answer 14

Cognition

Question 15

Impaired ability to communicate, and depending on the specific pattern of dysfunction, several different types of this have been identified

Answer 15

Aphasia

Question 16

Affected individuals can speak fluently, but what they say doesn’t typically make sense, and they have great difficulty with language comprehension

Answer 16

Wernicke’s aphasia- damage to wernicke’s area (located in the superior temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, generally the left hemisphere)- known to be involved in language comprehension

Question 17

Wernicke’s aphasia another name

Answer 17

Fluent aphasia- those affected will not have the ability to understand language or make sense but they can still produce sentences with ease
Receptive aphasia- involves problems understanding

Question 18

Affected individuals can understand spoken language with no major problems, but they have extreme difficulty producing language

Answer 18

Broca’s aphasia- affects the Broca area (located in the frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere)
Usually also known as non-fluent aphasia

Question 19

Information gets form Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area through

Answer 19

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 20

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus results to this condition which involves sever difficulty repeating words

Answer 20

Conduction aphasia

Question 21

Regions in the temporal lobe tend to handle language-related processing functions which includes ________ ________

Answer 21

Auditory cortices