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Emotions, mental health and neuroscience > Emotions in Brain (3a) > Flashcards

Emotions in Brain (3a) Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

emotions: head or heart?

A

scientists suggest they work together

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2
Q

main structures of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus
mammillary body
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
insula

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3
Q

what is the mammillary body a part of?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

papez circuit (Papez, 1937)

A
  • brain area linked to emotion processing
  • system borders the thalamus
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5
Q

what was the papez circuit (PApez, 1937) late renamed to?

A

limbic system

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6
Q

which brain structures regulate the stress response? (HPA-axis)

A

amygdala
hippocampus

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7
Q

what does stress lead to the release of and where?

A

corticotropin-release hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what does HPA (HPA-axis) stand for?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal gland

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9
Q

what does the pituitary gland release

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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10
Q

what does the adrenal gland release?

A

cortisol

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11
Q

what is cortisol

A

the stress hormone

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12
Q

what does the release of cortisol lead to?

A

increased sympathic activation

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13
Q

2 parts of autonomous nervous system

A

sympathic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

cortical/ subcortical pathways for processing threatening emotional stimuli (LeDoux, 1998)

A

emotional stimulus
thalamus / superior colliculus
sensory (visual) cortex
amygdala
emotional response

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15
Q

localisation theories of emotions

A

there are specific brain areas (physiological responses) for specific emotions

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16
Q

evidence for localisation theory (amygdala - fear)

A
  • animal studies: amygdala has a pivotal role in fear and fear conditioning (Fendt & Fanselow, 1999)
  • human lesion studies: SM did not experience of recognitise fear (Feinstein et al., 2011)
  • neuroimaging studies: greater amygdala activation during the perception/ experience of fear or anxiety-related states compared to other emotions (Taylor & Whalen, 2015)
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17
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the amygdala responsible for?

A

fear

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18
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the insula responsible for?

A

disgust

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19
Q

evidence for localisation theory (insula - disgust)

A
  • animal studies: electrical stimulation of monkeys elicit behaviour, facial expressions and physiological responses of disgust (Caruana et al., 2011)
  • human lesion studies: left lesions of insula and putamen - reduced disgust recognition in faces and sounds (Boucher et al., 2015)
  • human neuroimaging/ intracranial recording studies: insula more activated during perceptions and expression of disgust than for other emotions (Krolak-Salmon et al., 2003)
  • human electrical stimuluation studies: accuracy of disgust recognition reducted (Papagno et al., 2016)
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20
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the anterior cingulate cortex responsible for?

A

sadness

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21
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for?

A

anger

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22
Q

according to localisation theories, what emotion is the supplementary motor area responsible for?

A

happiness

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23
Q

evidence against localisation theory (amygdala - fear)

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A
  • lesion studies: patients are impaired in recognising fearful faces - might be more related to the response to threatening stimuli (Sander et al., 2003)
  • amygdala also responds to other negative emotions (Adolphs, 2013) and positive emotions (Lindquest et al., 2012)
24
Q

evidence against localisation theory (insula -disgust)

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A

increased insula activity for many types of stimuli and tasks (e.g., interoceptive awareness, pain, empathy, fairness, speech production) (Craig, 2009)

25
consistency problems with localisationist approach
when a variable significantly preicted increased activity in a brain area
26
specificity problems with localisationist approach
only one variable predicted an increase in a brain area e.g., specific activation by one emotion
27
hemispheric theories
hemisphered are different in representing emotions
28
three key hypotheses on hemispheric specialisation
right hemisphere hypothesis valence hypothesis approach (avoidance hypothesis)
29
according to hemispheric specialisation (right hemisphere hypothesis), what is the LH responsible for
abstract and logical thinking computation language compensation
30
according to hemispheric specialisation (right hemisphere hypothesis), what is the RH responsible for
emotions creativity imagination spatial abilities
31
what is the main idea of right hemisphere hypothesis
perception, experience, and expression of positive and negative emotions are predominantly carried out by the RH
32
hysterical hemianesthesia
psychological condition without clear organic origing almost exclusively on left body side
33
Wada test
anesthesia of RH by injection into the internal carotid artery
34
evidence for right hemisphere hypothesis
- patients with left side body paralysis after brain damage to RH became emotionally volatile, manic, delusional (Luys, 19th C) - hysterical hemianesthesia - Wada test = perceived lower intensity in facial emotional expressions (Ahern et al., 1991) - recognition of facial expression = superior in left visual field - emotions more storngly expressed on left side of face (Borod et al., 1997)
35
valence hypothesis
LH = positive emotions RH = negative emotions
36
approach-withdrawal hypothesis (Harmon-Jones et al., 2010) - LH
approach - positive emotions are mainly processed in LH - link to approach behaviour
37
approach-avoidance hypothesis (Harmon-Jones et al., 2010) - RH
avoidance - negative emotions are mainly processed in the RH - link to withdrawal behaviour
38
constructionist theories of emotions
emotions are constructed by the changing activation of several brain networks
39
constructionist theories: conceptual act theory (Barrett, 2014)
emotions emerge when people make meaning out of sensory input from the body and the world based on prior knowledge
40
according to the conceptual act model, emotions are....
situated conceptualisations
41
according to the conceptual act model, what does the brain make?
an initial prediction about the meaning of the sensory array in context - the error between this initial top-down prediction and the sensory activity is quickly minimised to produce a unified conscious experience
42
key components of conceptual act theory
core affect (situated) conceptualisation executive functions exteroceptive sensations
43
conceptual act theory: core affect
mental representations of bodily changes that can be experienced as feelings, pleasure/ displeasure with some degree of arousal
44
conceptual act theory: conceptualisations
link perceptions of sensory input from the world with input from the body to create a meaningful psychological moment stored representations of prior experiences are used to make meaning out of the sensations in the moment
45
conceptual act theory: executive functions
exogenous and endogenous attentions / working memory - helps to determine which representations are utilised and which prior representations are supressed
46
conceptual act theory: exteroceptive sensations
can influence and be influenced by components of theory
47
conceptual act theory: functional clusters - core affect
- amygdala - insula - mOFC - IOFC - ACC - thalamus - hypothalamus - basal forebrain - PAG
48
conceptual act theory: functional clusters - conceptualisation
- vmPFC - dmPFC - mTL - hippocampus - entorhinal cortex - PCC
49
conceptual act theory: functional clusters - executive attention
- dIPFC
50
conceptual act theory: functional clusters - language
- vIPFC
51
issues regarding neurochemistry of emotions
- the neurochemistry of emotions is not well researched - emotions are different to mood changes and mood disorders
52
dopamine
wanting/ incentive
53
opiods/ endorphins
liking/ numbing pain
54
serotonin
mood regulation axiety/ depression?
55
noradrenaline
mood - anxiety/ depression?
56
oxytocin/ vasopressin
bonding / attachment / love
57
testosterone
aggression link

Emotions, mental health and neuroscience (10 decks)

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