Empirical Cycle Flashcards
(25 cards)
The empirical cycle phase where you ______ a relation in the real world and use as input to the induction phase is called _______.
observe
observation phase
The empirical cycle phase where you take a specific observation from the real world and use it to hypothesize a general rule
induction phase
The empirical cycle phase where you turn a general rule into a specific concrete prediction that you expect to see when you undertake research. This is the phase where _______ setup is determined. It is also where measurement ________ are determined and ______ to follow are determined. In addition population _________ are identified
deduction phase research instruments procedures sample
In this phase (_________) of the empirical cycle, data is collected and compared with the ______. _______ analysis may be required.
testing phase
prediction
statistical
In this phase of the empirical cycle, interpretation of results are taken and weighted against the hypothesis. If there is a research setup error it can be tweaked and retested or the hypothesis can be adjusted
evaluation phase
When checking a study for ______ validity we are checking to ensure that ______ and constructs were measured accurately, and that we measured what we _______ to measure
construct validity
properties
intended
When checking a study for ____ validity we check that the observed effect was actually due to the hypothesized cause.
internal validity
When the hypothesized relationship supported by our findings also holds true in other settings / for other groups - we are checking this type of validity
external validity
For a relationship to be seen as causal the cause must be traced to the ____.
effect
When tracing for causality the cause must _____ the effect.
precede
When tracing for causality the cause and effect must occur ______ consistently
together
any systematic difference in subject characteristics between groups, other than the manipulated cause is an internal validity threat known as:
Selection
selection internal validity threat is remedied with
randomization
• When time leads to a ____ in a participant such that a change would be seen anyway
E.g. Some people get over loneliness with time
(internal validity threat)
maturation
Internal validity threat where subjects have different rates of ______. Someone may get over something or get better at something faster naturally than others. This is known as _______.
maturation
selection by maturation
Selection by maturation is remedied typically by
randomization
Maturation is remedied typically by
introducing a control group
When instruments have systemic bias or measure another construct or property entirely this results in
low construct validity
When an instrument is changed during the course of a study and it impacts the results of the study, this is known as what type of internal validity threat
instrumentation
The sensitizing effect (on a participant) by being administered a test. What is this type of internal validity threat called
Testing
Type type of internal validity threat where the experimenter knows what group they are working with and behaves differently while working with that group. This can affect results
experimenter expectancy
A change in participant behaviour due to expecations about the study is what kind of internal validity threat?
demand characteristics
If you’re unsure that the hypothesized cause is the actual real cause that precedes the effect, it’s this kind of internal validity threat
ambiguous temporal precedence
Unforeseen event happens during the study that affects the outcome of the study. E.g. Covid-19 (large scale), or something happens in the room during data collection e.g. experimenter faints. What kind of internal validity threat is this?
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