Empirical Studies and Culture & Ethnocentrism Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Empirical Studies and Culture & Ethnocentrism Deck (8)
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1
Q

Main/direct effects

A
  • aka: universal effects (does this happen in general/on average?)
  • Does IV cause DV?
  • ex. Does spanking (IV/predictor variable) cause child aggression (DV/outcome variable)
  • spanking –> child aggression
2
Q

Mediating or indirect effects

A
  • does IV affect mediating variable, which then affects DV?
  • ex. does parental stress (IV) affect spanking rates (mediating) which then affect child aggression (DV)?
  • parental stress –> spanking –> child aggression
3
Q

Moderating or interactional effects

A
  • aka: context-specific effects
  • does a moderating variable increase/decrease the effect between IV and DV?
  • ex. does culture moderate the effect between spanking and childhood aggression?
  • spanking (IV) –> culture (draw above arrow in diagram; moderator) –> child aggression (DV)
4
Q

universality vs. context-specific effects

A
  • universality (aka: main effects): happen in general/on average (ex. are effects of parenting similar/universal from parent to parent?)
  • context-specific effects (aka interactional effects): vary depending on social/cultural context (ex. do effects of parenting vary between rural/urban, level of education/income, culture, etc.)
    • tends to be the focus of parenting research (difficult to find universal effects)
5
Q

2 types of measurement error

A
  • Construct validity: is the researcher measuring the variable in the research question, or another variable (ie. are you really measuring what you think you’re measuring?)
  • Content validity: is the researcher measuring enough of the variable? (ie. number of questions on questionnaire, dimensions they tap into, etc.)
6
Q

Developmental Niche

A
  • theoretical framework used to understand how culture might shape child development
  • 3 components/sub-systems of the developmental niche:
    • Settings: physical and social settings (ie. who is there? what is the physical space like in the child’s home and immediate environment?)
    • Customs: widely-accepted practices of childrearing (ie. inherited and adapted ways of nurturing, entertaining, educating, and protecting the child)
    • Psychology of Caretakers: parental ethnotheories or beliefs about what “typical” child development and “effective” parenting are –> direct parenting practices
  • *You will need to apply this on the exam, so think of an example from your own upbringing**
7
Q

Levine’s hierarchy of child-rearing goals

A
  • Levine proposed that there is a universal hierarchy in parents’ child-rearing goals (may use different practices, but all lead to the same goals)
  • First, parents prioritize practices that contribute to their child’s physical health and survival
  • Second, parents prioritize practices that contribute to their child becoming economically independent at maturity
  • Once the first two are met, parents can devote energy towards practices believed to maximize their child’s obtainment of specific cultural values (ie. personality traits considered prestigious, devotion of a religious nature, intellectual achievement, or personal satisfaction/self-realization)
8
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • when in-group customs are considered the standard/norm (egocentric)
  • typically results in evaluating others’ customs (ie. parenting practices) as inferior