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P Intergrated Y2 > EMS lectures 4,5,6,7 > Flashcards

EMS lectures 4,5,6,7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What cells are of lymphoid lineage

A

natural T killer cell, small lymphocytes, T cell, B cell and plasma cells

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2
Q

What cells are of myeloid lineage

A

megakaryocyte, RBC, mast cells, myeloblasts, thrombocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages

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3
Q

What are the 5 major components of the innate immune system

A 
Pattern recognition receptors
antimicrobial peptides
cells
complement components
cytokines
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4
Q

what are Pattern recognition receptors

A

antigen recognition receptor

  • specific
  • 2 groups
    • cell surface (transmembrane and intercellular receptors - TLR, NLR, RLR, CLR)
    • Fluid phase soluble molecules = c-type lectin family (collectins)

Role in neutralisation of pathogen and recruitment of adaptive response

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5
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

Macrophage

A

Phagocytose and kill bacteria

produce inflammatory cytokines

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6
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

Natural Killer cells

A

kill foreign and host cells that have low levels of MHC+ self peptides

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7
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

NK T cells

A

recognize lipid antigens of intracellular bacteria by CD1 and kill infected host cells

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8
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

Neutrophils

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria, produce antimicrobial peptides

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9
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

eosinophils

A

kill invading parasites

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10
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

mast cells and basophils

A

release TNF, IL6, IFN

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11
Q

Role of cell in innate immune system

Epithelia cells

A

produce antimicrobial peptides,

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12
Q

What is the adaptive immune response

A

evolution in response to changing pathogen structures

  • unique antigen receptor on each lymphocyte
  • clonal expansion of lymphocyte
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13
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs and what is their function

A

bone marrow and thymus

lymphocyte development and selection

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14
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs and what is their function

A

spleen
lymph nodes
mucosal surfaces

immune responses

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of antigen presentation

A

1) Antigen internalised and broken into peptides
2) peptides associated with class 2 molecules
3) presented on cell surge
4) peptides recognised as foreign by T helper Cells
5) activated T helper cells secrete cytokines for T and B cells

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16
Q

What is the Histocompatibility antigen

- what are the classes of histocompatibility antigen

A
  • gycoprotiens expressed on mammalian cells that make us unique found on white cells
  • Human Leucocyte antigen (HLA)
  • coded for by MHC
  • Class 1 - HLA-A,B,C
  • Class 2 - HLA-DP,DQ,DR
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17
Q

What is the function of class 1 and class 2 MHC cells

A

T cells only see antigents associated with MHC proteins

Class 1 MHC presents peptides to cytotoxic T cells
Class 2 MHC presents peptides
to helper T cells

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18
Q

function of B cells

A

secrete antibodies (humeral immunity)

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19
Q

function of killer T lymphocytes

A

kill cells - cellular immunity

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20
Q

function of helper T lymphocytes

A

secrete cytokines, stimulate B and T lymphocytes

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21
Q

function of suppressor T lymphocytes

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A

dampen down immune response

22
Q

Inactivation of antigens by the binding of antibodies can occur how?

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A

neutralisation - coating and blocking binding sites
agglutination of microbes
precipitation of dissolved antigens
(enhances phagocytosis)

activation of complement system - causes cell lysis

23
Q

define immunosuppression

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A

natural or artificial process turns off immune response

24
Q

define immunodeficiency

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A

lack of efficient immune system

caused by immune suppression

25
define hypersenstivity
undesirable reaction to an innocuous antigen in a pre senstized host with a normal immune system
26
what are the types of hypersensitivity?
1) igE mediated reaction 2) cytotoxic reaction 3) immune complex reaction 4) cell mediated reaction
27
features of type 1 hypersensitivty reaction
IgE mediated realease of preformed mediator - histamine synthesis of lipid mediator - leukotriene - FAST onset, weal and flare - common allergens - hay, pollen, bee stings - assoicated disease- hay fever, allergic asthma
28
Explain Immunoglobulin E
IgE Produces by plasma cells from class switched B cell production controlled by IL4 and CD40L - CD40 reaction - low serum levels High affinity for IgE receptor (FCeRI)on mast cells and basophils
29
What does the preformed mediator do? | Histamine
stimulate irritant nerve receptors and smooth muscle contractions increase vascular permiabiltiy
30
What does the preformed mediator do? | kallikrein
activate Bradykinin | similar to histamine
31
What does the preformed mediator do? | Tryptase
unknown
32
when are preformed mediators released in the type one sensitivity reaction?
in the early phase | during the degranulation of mast cells
33
What is the role of the eosinophils and basophils in the late phase type 1 reaction?
Basophils - degranulate and release preformed mediators Eosinophils - release contents of Granules (cytotoxic proteins) - major source of tissue damage - attracted to sites of allergic inflammation by chemokines T cells - continue reaction with production of cytokines
34
explain type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
cytotoxic IgM (or IgG) initiated activated compliment cascade --> lysis aggregation of Ig --> phagocytosis usually affects haemopoietic cells Associated diseases ABO incompatibility Autoimmune anaemias Platelet disorders
35
Explain type 3 hypersensitivity
Immune complex formed FcR binds to C1q Compliment activation generates activated complement fragments C5a - attract neutrophils C3b - opsonin attempted phagocytosis of complexes = release of enzymes and free radicals TISSUE DAMAGE = RESULT
36
EXPLAIN type 4 hypersensitivty
``` T cell mediated - CD4, MHC2 delayed reaction Langerhans cells present NEOANTIGENS to T cells T cells release cytokines Macrophages recruited Macrophages cause tissue damage ```
37
Explain T cell cytotoxicity
CD8 MHC1 - contact demerits | Antigen presented by APC
38
Explain Granulomatous reaction
Collection on inflammatory cells in tissues release of cytokines by T cells cause initial response Caused by TB, leprosy, sarcoidosis, crohn's
39
Primary Causes of chronic inflammation
endogenous material - necrotic adipose tissue - uric acid crystals exogenous material - implanted prosthesis - sutures - asbestos fibres Autoimmune - SLE - rheumatoid arthritis Primary Granulomatous - Sarocoidosis - Crohns Infections - TB - Leprosy - some viral infections
40
How does acute inflammation progress to chronic give an example
Most commonly supprative acute inflammation - forms abscess - walls thicken - granulation and scaring - recurrent inflammation leads to chronic e.g. cholecystitis - call bladder inflammation from stones
41
What are the morphological features of chronic inflammation
infiltration by mononuclear cells (macrophage, lymphocytes, plasma cells) - tissue distruction - healing by fibrosis
42
Role of the macrophage in chronic inflammation
Increase inflammation - stimulating immune system - release cytokines which recruits monocytes - proliferate and immobilise in damaged tissue - debride damaged tissue with proteases inducing angiogenesis and granulation
43
what is leukocyte extravasion
the recruitment of monocytes through the endothelium of the blood vessels into the damaged area of tissues
44
What is granulation tissue
new connective tissue and blood vessels that form on surface of wound during healing - fibroblasts deposit collagen - aim to repair by replacement of injured tissues with fibrous tissues stimulated by macrophage debridement of damaged cells
45
What is fibrosis
formation of excess fibrous connective tissue during repair fibroma - if from 1 cell line macrophage induced
46
What is granulomatous inflammation
aggregation of macrophages, lymphocytes and histiocytic giant cells (aka langhans type giant cells) often with caseous necrotic centre (= caseous epitheliod granuloma)
47
what are histiocytic giant cells
formed when macrophages are unable to digest material - multinucleated >100
48
What are granulomatous diseases
``` Bacterial - TB, Leprosy Parasitic - schistosomiasis Fungal - Cryptococcus Synthetic material - silicosis Unknown - sarcoidosis, crohn's ```
49
What is chronic inflammation response to MI?
Myocardial fibrosis
50
how is inflammation involved in atheroma formation
macrophages adhere to epithelium and recruit other cells
51
How does inflammation in MS present?
plasma cells and t lymphocytes are found in white matter because macrophages have broken down myelin

P Intergrated Y2 (13 decks)

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