END OF YEAR BIOLOGY

Question 1

Why are xylem cells end walls broken?

Answer 1

Are broken to allow water and dissolved minerals to move through

Question 2

In plants, how is lignin used?

Answer 2

To strengthen xylem cells

Question 3

What is lignin?

Answer 3

A substance that strengthens the cell walls of xylem cells

Question 4

How is the xylem specialized

Answer 4

To transport water up the stem of a plant and into the leaves

Question 5

Adaptations of xylem cells

Answer 5

Lignin: strengthen cell walls
Broken end walls: allows water movement

Question 6

How is phloem specialized

Answer 6

To transport food products to parts of the plant

Question 7

Phloem vessels adaptations

Answer 7

Small holes: to allow food products to move up and down the phloem vessel

Question 8

Phloem cells are ____, xylem cells are ___

Answer 8

Alive
Dead

Question 9

What is resolution

Answer 9

The ability to distinguish two or more objects that are close together

Question 10

Magnification equation

Answer 10

Image size / actual size

Question 11

Objective lens has the lowest/ highest magnification

Answer 11

Lowest

Question 12

what is the process called when unspecialised cells become adapted with specific features to perform certain functions?

Answer 12

Cell differentiation

Question 13

What is active transport

Answer 13

The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution ( against a concentration gradient )

Question 14

What does active transport require?

Answer 14

Energy from respiration

Question 15

What is osmosis

Answer 15

Is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution ( through a partially permeable membrane )

Question 16

Prokaryotic cells are with/ without nucleus

Answer 16

Without nucleus - store genetic information in small rings called plasmids

Question 17

Eukaryotic cells are with/ without nucleus

Answer 17

With a nucleus - genetic material is stored here

Question 18

What is the function of the cell membrane

Answer 18

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 19

What is the function of the cytoplasm

Answer 19

Where many of the cell activities and reactions occur

Question 20

What is the function of mitochondria

Answer 20

Provides energy ( from aerobic respiration )

Question 21

What is the function of the ribosomes

Answer 21

Make proteins - site of protein synthesis

Question 22

What is the function of the chloroplasts

Answer 22

Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs

Question 23

What is the function of the cell wall

Answer 23

To support and strengthen the cell

Question 24

What is the function of the vacuole

Answer 24

To store water and chemicals as CELL SAP

Question 25

what are the organelles common to all cells ( in plant and animal cells etc )

Answer 25

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria

Question 26

What are the extra 3 structures plant cells have?

Answer 26

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

Question 27

Specialization of a sperm cell

Answer 27

Mitochondria provides energy - acrosome contains enzymes to break into egg and uses tail to swim

Question 28

Specialization of a nerve cell

Answer 28

It is long to make electrical impulses

Question 29

Specialization of a muscle cell

Answer 29

Contain protein fibers that contract when there is energy

Question 30

Specialization of a root hair cell

Answer 30

Long extension provides a large surface area for water and mineral absorption

Question 31

Specialization of xylem cell

Answer 31

Cells are hollow to allow water to pass through

Question 32

Specialization of a phloem cell

Answer 32

Have mitochondria for energy for active transport

Question 33

What is mitosis

Answer 33

Where one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides ( causing two identical cells )

Question 34

What is a stem cell

Answer 34

Special cells ( produced by bone marrow ) that can turn into different types of blood cells

Question 35

What are chromosomes

Answer 35

Giant paired molecules of DNA