End Of Year Exam Flashcards
(32 cards)
Physical factors affecting population distribution
Climate and Weather Conditions
- Regions with moderate climates attract larger populations
- Extreme climates are inhospitable
- Flat plains and lowland areas are conducive to settlement and agriculture, leading to higher population densities
- Mountainous regions may have lower population densities due to rugged terrain and limited habitable land
- Natural Hazards - volcano, tsunami
Natural Resources: water, fertile soil, minerals, and forests can significantly influence population distribution.
- Access to clean water
- Drinking, fertile land
- Trade
Human Factors affecting population distribution
Economic Opportunities:
- job opportunities, and industries tend to attract migrants, leading to higher population densities
- Infrastructure such as transportation networks, including roads, railways, ports, and airports, facilitate mobility and accessibility, encouraging population concentration in urban areas and along transportation corridors.
Political and Social Factors:
- Good governance, Political stability and social services often attract populations to specific regions or countries
- healthcare, education, and housing influence
population distribution
Government Policies:
- Government policies related to immigration, land use, urban planning, and regional development can shape population distribution
- Incentives or restrictions imposed by governments may encourage or deter population movement to certain areas.
Low-Income Countries :
- low levels of industrialization, limited infrastructure, high levels of poverty, and often rely heavily on agriculture.
- low GDP per capita
Ex : sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South Asia, and some countries in Southeast Asia and Latin America.
Middle-Income Countries and Emerging Economies:
- rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth
- increasing participation in global trade
- higher GDP per capita compared to low-income countries but still in the process of transitioning to advanced economic development
Examples: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey.
Crude Birth Rate
total number of births / total population x 1000
Natural Increase
birth rates minus death rates (not including migration)
Crude Death Rate
number of deaths/total population x 1000
Infant Mortality Rate
total number of deaths of children under 1/ total number of
live births per year x 1000
Child Mortality Rate
total number of deaths of children aged 1-5 / total number of children aged 1-5 x 1000
fertility rate
the average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age
life expectancy
the average number of years that a person can be expected to live where demographic factors remain unchanged
population momentum
the tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in birth or fertility rates
The Core-Periphery Model
The concept of a developed core surrounded by an undeveloped
periphery. The concept can be applied at various scales’.
EX: Qatar
Ecological Footprint
‘The theoretical measurement of the amount of land and water a
population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb
its waste under prevailing technology’.
GNI (Gross National Income)
The total value of goods and services produced within
a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to
other countries - now used in preference to gross national
Product (or GNP)
Remittances
Migrant workers sending money or goods back to their home countries
Soil Degradation
A severe reduction in the quality of soils. The term includes soil erosion,
salinization and soil exhaustion (loss of fertility).
Physical Water Scarcity
where water resource development is approaching or has exceeded
unsustainable levels; it relates water availability to water demand and implies
that arid areas are not necessarily water scarce
Economic Water Scarcity
where water is available locally but not accessible for human, institutional or
financial capital reasons
What population characteristics can be used to determine development?
Birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rates, infant mortality
Progressive Pyramid
It has a wide base that quickly narrows upwards to a point.
It indicates a large birth rate, but poor conditions mean people rapidly die off, hence the triangular shape of the structure. The population is increasing.
Stationary Pyramid
The shape of this structure is more “square.” All age roups are well represented.
It indicates that the birth rate is moderate, and few people die off as they get older. The population is stagnant
Regressive Pyramid
The structure has a fairly wide top with a bulging middle and narrow base.
The birth rate is low, hence the low base, and there are more adults than children. The population is decreasing.
The Dependency Ratio
This is the ratio between the non-working population (children and aged) and the workers (adults).
It is lowest in regressive populations and highest in progressive populations.
It is calculated using the formula (children + aged)/Adults) * 100
In developed countries, the DRs range from 50-70. In most developing countries the DRs are over 100
