Option A Freshwater

Question 1

Percolation

Answer 1

When water travels from unsaturated ground into saturated ground

Question 2

Interception

Answer 2

When an object (building, tree) stops percipitation reaching the ground beneath.

Question 3

Transpiration

Answer 3

Liquid water evaporating from vegetation

Question 4

River Discharge

Answer 4

Eventually most rivers enter the sea and the discharge the river’s flow into the sea

Question 5

Groundwater flow

Answer 5

The movement of water through saturated ground

Question 6

Channel Flow

Answer 6

Water that is travelling in rivers or streams

Question 7

Surface run-off (overland flow)

Answer 7

When water travels across the surface of the earth

Question 8

Stem flow

Answer 8

When intercepted water then travels down the branches and the trunks of vegetation

Question 9

Evaporation

Answer 9

Liquid water from surface stores and rivers turning into water vapour (gas)

Question 10

Surface Storage

Answer 10

Any water that is held on the surface of the earth e.g lake or pond. Some surface stores like puddles may only be temporary

Question 11

Infiltration

Answer 11

When water travels from the surface of the earth into the ground beneath

Question 12

Groundwater Storage

Answer 12

Water that is stored in saturated ground

Question 13

Throughflow

Answer 13

The movement of water through unsaturated ground

Question 14

Canopy drip

Answer 14

Intercepted water dripping off vegetation onto the ground

Question 15

Soil-moisture storage

Answer 15

Water that is stored below the surface in unsaturated ground

Question 16

Precipitation

Answer 16

Any moisture that falls from the sky e.g rain or snow

Question 17

Bed

Answer 17

The bottom of the river channel

Question 18

Bank

Answer 18

The sides of the river channel.

Question 19

Channel

Answer 19

The confines of the river, encompassing the bed and two banks.

Question 20

Wetted Perimeter

Answer 20

he total length of the bed and the banks in contact with the river.

Question 21

Cross Sectional Area

Answer 21

The width of the river multiplied by the depth of the river. Because the depth of the river will vary across its width, an average depth reading is normally taken. The cross sectional area is normally given in m2.

Question 22

Velocity

Answer 22

This is the speed that the water in a river is travelling at. (m/s).
- velocity can be measured using a flowmeter or by timing a floating object over a set distance (pictured left). Velocity is then calculated by dividing the time (seconds) by the distance (metres).

Question 23

Discharge

Answer 23

This is the amount of water in a river at a given point. Discharge is normally measured in cumecs (cubic metres a second). It is calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the velocity.

Question 24

Corrosion/solution

Answer 24

The wearing away of the bed-load when the pH level of the water is acidic. Limestone is eroded easily

Question 25

Attrition

Answer 25

When rocks are hit together and get smaller

Question 26

Saltation

Answer 26

When rocks bounce on the river bed

Question 27

Abrasion

Answer 27

When rocks rub together like sand paper

Question 28

Traction

Answer 28

When rocks roll against eachother on the floor

Question 29

Factors affecting rates of erosion

Answer 29

Load - the heavier the load the more the erosion Velocity - speed = more erosion Gradient - big gradient = more erosion pH - acidic = more erosio Human Impact - deforestation, dams, bridges, if speed it altered to be faster it increases erosion

Question 30

Suspension

Answer 30

When rocks fall to the bed of the river

Question 31

Waterfalls

Answer 31

When rocks under surface erode - continuous

Question 32

Flood Plains

Answer 32

areas of low relief formed by deposition when a river floods

Question 33

Deposition

Answer 33

When rocks deposit