endo

Question 1

What is the purpose of dental dam during endo tx?

Answer 1

isolates the tooth to prevent contamination during tx

Question 2

Why is a front surface mirror preferred in endo?

Answer 2

Prevents double imaging during endodontic procedures.

Question 3

What is the DG16 probe used for?

Answer 3

long, sharp probe used for locating canals and scraping

Question 4

What is an access cavity?

Answer 4

Opening to locate canals and clean pulp chamber.

Question 5

What type of bur is the Endo Z bur?

Answer 5

safe-ended (allows pulp access without injury)

Question 6

Define straight line access:

Answer 6

a direct path to the canal orifices for tx

Question 7

Describe the process of coronal flaring.

Answer 7

Widening of the coronal 1/3 of the canal to aid access.

Question 8

Which bur is used for coronal flaring and why?

Answer 8

gates glidden - only cuts the side of canals.

Question 9

Which term describes keeping the apical canal free of debris during endodontic treatment?

Answer 9

patency

Question 10

What is recapitulation?

Answer 10

re-introducing files to maintain cleanliness during prep

Question 11

Where is the working length measured from?

Answer 11

the reference point to the apical foramen

Question 12

Which device measures the distance to the root apex using currents?

Answer 12

EAL - electronic apex locator

Question 13

What is the SLOB rule for root identification?

Answer 13

Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal

Question 14

What are paper points used for during endo?

Answer 14

Checking for blood and / or drying the canals.

Question 15

Which type of file is routinely used for canal cleaning?

Answer 15

K File

Question 16

Which method of x-ray is used for endo without the use of an endo ray holder?

Answer 16

bisecting angle technique - used when paralleling technique isn’t feasible.
(limited in access, by rubber dam placement or other pt challenges)

Question 17

Where is the canal orifice?

Answer 17

The opening of the canal where cleaning and shaping occur.

Question 18

When may the EAL be ineffective?

Answer 18

In crowns and open apex situations.

Question 19

What is the main limitation when using radiographs to aid endodontic procedures?

(think visualisation)

Answer 19

It is a 2D image of a 3D structure so may misrepresent canal anatomy.

Question 20

Constituents of GP

Answer 20

20% gutta percha
80% ZnO

Question 21

Which material makes up BioRoot

Answer 21

calcium silicate

Question 22

In modified single cone obturation technique, what material is placed over the canal orifices?

Answer 22

RMGIC (vitrebond)

Question 23

How much excess GP is removed below the CEJ during obturation?

Answer 23

1mm of GP

Question 24

What material can be used to block out gaps in the dental dam?

Answer 24

oraseal (corking agent)

Question 25

Why can’t an EAL be used on immature roots?

Answer 25

Due to the open apices - EAL only detects apical constrictions.

Question 26

Stainless steel hand files are made from which 2 elements?

Answer 26

iron and carbon

Question 27

What is the difference between a K file and hedstrom file?

Answer 27

**K files** - used to locate canals and create a glide path. **hedstrom** - more rapid enlargement of root canal.

Question 28

When instrumenting curves canals, should stainless steel or NiTi files be used and why?

Answer 28

NiTi - more flexible and lower modules of elasticity.

Question 29

What are the angles of clockwise and anticlockwise motions when using the WOG?

Answer 29

C - 30º AC - 150º

Question 30

Define patency in terms of the 10 k file.

Answer 30

10 K file goes 0.5mm beyond the WL

Question 31

Which technique is a combination of the crown down and step back technique?

Answer 31

modified double flare technique

Question 32

How many root canals are there in mandibular molars?

Answer 32

3 canals - 2 mesial, 1 or 2 distal

Question 33

Depth of MTA required for an apical plug.

Answer 33

3-5mm

Question 34

How much apical GP should be maintained when placing a post and core?

Answer 34

4-5mm

Question 35

What are temporary posts made out of?

Answer 35

aluminium

Question 36

What NHS band does a root filling fall into?

Answer 36

2

Question 37

Which sensibility material is preferred for large pulps and open apices?

Answer 37

ethyl chloride

Question 38

What inclination of tooth would contraindicate endo?

Answer 38

30 º

Question 39

What would be seen on radiographs for chronic PAP

Answer 39

1. loss of lamina dura 2. PDL widening 3. PA radiolucency

Question 40

MAF (master apical file)

Answer 40

The largest file used to shape the canal to the full length.

Question 41

Estimated Working Length

Answer 41

Measurement from a pre-op radiograph to show how long the canal is.

Question 42

Working Length

Answer 42

The distance from the coronal reference point to the point of which the canal prep should terminate. (**0.5-1mm short of zero reading**)

Question 43

What does TTP tell you about the tooth?

Answer 43

Detects inflammation around the PDL

Question 44

Radiographs provide information about:

Answer 44

- normal / abnormal root form - depth of caries - number, course, shape, length and width of canals - material/obstructions present in the canal - any external / internal resorption present - if the lamina dura is continuous or not - extent of PA bone destruction - helps make a diagnosis

Question 45

What is another term for **chronic hyperplastic pulpitis**?

Answer 45

pulp polyp

Question 46

Which type of tissue forms due to long standing, low grade irritation in the pulp chamber?

Answer 46

**granulation tissue** - in the formation of a pulp polyp.

Question 47

Describe the clinical features of a pulp polyp, including symptoms and the type of pts this is normally seen in.

Answer 47

- red painless swelling which fills most of the pulp chamber. - bleeds easily due to rich vascular network. - usually seen in young adults and children.

Question 48

Which part of the tooth structure does **internal resorption** usually occur in?

Answer 48

The dentine of the pulp chamber / root canals.

Question 49

Pts presenting with internal resorption usually have a history of what?

Answer 49

trauma

Question 50

Which type of treatment will stop the internal resorptive process?

Answer 50

Extirpation

Question 51

Which part of the tooth structure does **external root resorption** usually involve?

Answer 51

cementum +/- dentine

Question 52

Causes of **external root resorption**:

Answer 52

- periradicular inflammation from trauma - excessive orthodontic forces - granuloma / cyst / central jaw tumour - replantation of teeth - bleaching - impaction of teeth / systemic disease - may be idiopathic

Question 53

What classes as **small or no curvature** on the ECAT tool?

Answer 53

< 30º

Question 54

What classes as **moderate curvature** on the ECAT tool?

Answer 54

30-45º

Question 55

What classes as **severe curvature** on the ECAT tool?

Answer 55

45-60º

Question 56

What classes as **extremely severe curvature** on the ECAT tool?

Answer 56

> 60º

Question 57

Which trimester is treatment best delayed until in a pregnant pt?

Answer 57

second trimester

Question 58

What is ldermix made from?e

Answer 58

antibiotic - democyline hydrochloride. anti inflammatory - triaclinalone acetonide.

Question 59

Endo bacteria vs re-endo bacteria

Answer 59

endo - gram negative (obligate anaerobic) re-endo - gram positive (enterococcus faecalis)

Question 60

What is the main component of GP?

Answer 60

Zinc Oxide (80%)

Question 61

Hypo al vs Dycal

Answer 61

Hypo - non-setting CaOH Dycal - setting CaOH