Endo 2

Question 1

The ____ pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland.

Answer 1

anterior pituitary gland

Question 2

The ____ pituitary gland contains axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons; site where neurons dumps

Answer 2

posterior pituitary

Question 3

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 3

Growth Hormone, Adrenocotricotropin (ACTH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin

Question 4

What are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 4

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Question 5

What hormone is the most secreted hormone (anterior pituitary?

Answer 5

Growth hormone

Question 6

What hormone is the 2nd most secreted hormone (anterior pituitary)?

Answer 6

ACTH

Question 7

_____ are glandular benign tumors involving somatotropic cells can cause gigantism if occurring in children before closure of the long bones’ epiphyseal plates or acromegaly in adults, with musculoskeletal, neurologic, and other medical consequences

Answer 7

Adenomas

Question 8

Neurons in the ______ synthesize and secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary.

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

The hypothalamic hormones are released into the ______ in the _______

Answer 9

primary capillary plexus; median eminence

Question 10

Thyrotropin releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

Answer 10

TSH

Question 11

Gonadotropin releasing hormone secretes what hormones in the anterior pituitary

Answer 11

LH and FSH

Question 12

Corticotropin releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

Answer 12

ACTH

Question 13

Growth hormone releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

Answer 13

GH

Question 14

What hormone inhibits GH secretion

Answer 14

Somatotropin (GHIH)

Question 15

Prolactin releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

Answer 15

Prolactin

Question 16

What hormone inhibits prolactin

Answer 16

Dopamine (PIH)

Question 17

____ is a peptide hormone, acts directly on target tissues and as a tropic hormone to the liver,

Answer 17

GH

Question 18

What 3 factors increase GH release?

Answer 18

Sleep, hypoglycemia, and stress

Question 19

What 3 factors inhibit GH relases?

Answer 19

Aging, disease, and glucose

Question 20

What does the liver release in response to GH?

Answer 20

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

Question 21

Is GH secreted in a circadian rhythm or in a pulsatile way?

Answer 21

Pulsatile

Question 22

When is GH the highest?

Answer 22

Night

Question 23

Peak levels of GH are during what point in life

Answer 23

Puberty

Question 24

GHRH, dopamine, catechloamines, excitatory amino acids, and thyroid hormone _____ GH release (stimulate or inhibit)

Answer 24

Stimulate

Question 25

Somatostatin, IGF-1, glucose, and FFA ____ GH release (stimulate or inhibit)

Answer 25

Inhibit

Question 26

Many of the growth and metabolic effects of GH are mainly produced by ____

Answer 26

IGFs

Question 27

IGF-1 is produced in most tissues and acts on neighboring cells in a ____ manner

Answer 27

paracrine

Question 28

The ___ is the major site of IGF-1 synthesis

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

What hormone functions in Growth in nearly all tissues in the body (increased size of cells, mitosis and differentiation of bone and muscle cells) mainly via IGF-1.1.Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in most cells. 2.Reduced glucose utilization- decreased uptake, increased hepatic glucose production and increased insulin secretion (insulin resistance; diabetogenic) 3.Mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) resulting in increased FFA in blood and use of FFA for energy

Answer 29

GH

Question 30

____ and ______ stimulate chondrogenesis and linear growth

Answer 30

IGF-1 and GH

Question 31

Growth hormone excess is called ____ in childhood and ____ in adulthood

Answer 31

Gigantism and Acromegaly

Question 32

An excess in _____ are manifested in the following physical traits: coarse facial features, large fleshy nose, frontal bossing, jaw malocclusion, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and increased size of hands and feet

Answer 32

GH

Question 33

____ means large head

Answer 33

Macrocephaly

Question 34

____ means large jaw

Answer 34

Macrognathia

Question 35

____ leads to thick rubbery skin, enlarged nose, and thick lips; macrognathia, macrocephaly, disproportionate mandibular growth, macroglossia, dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia, sialorrhea, and sleep apnea

Answer 35

GH excess

Question 36

____ is caused by: Hypothalamic disorders•Mutations: GHRH receptor, GH gene, GH receptor, IGF-1 receptor•Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (panhypopituitarism) •Radiation•Psychosocial deprivation

Answer 36

GH deficiency

Question 37

slow linear growth rates•normal skeletal proportions•pudgy, youthful appearance (decreased lipolysis)•in the setting of cortisol deficiency  hypoglycemia are clinical manifestations of _____

Answer 37

GH deficiency

Question 38

____ is the most common form of dwarfism. It is an autosomal dominant condition that results from a mutation of FGF-3 receptor in cartilage and brain. This mutation makes the receptor overly active and it inhibits cartilage growth at growth plates so limb growth is reduced (growth of the trunk of the body is not impacted).

Answer 38

Achondroplasia

Question 39

The manifestations of _____ in the oral cavity include: small facial appearance, abnormal tooth and face formation, tooth crowding and malocclusion, high tendency for plaque accumulation, solitary median maxillary central incisors, eruption of primary and permanent dentition and shedding of deciduous teeth are delayed

Answer 39

GH deficiency

Question 40

Contains ~100,000 unmyelinated axons of neurons whose cells bodies are in the hypothalamus (Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus).

Answer 40

Posterior pituitary

Question 41

IN the blood vessels, _____ function in Contraction of vascular smooth muscle via V1 receptors

Answer 41

ADH

Question 42

In the renal tubules, ____ function in Binds to V2 receptors in the late distal tubule and collecting duct. –Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) proteins are then inserted into the apical membrane of tubular epithelial cells, allowing for water reabsorption (along with AQP-3 and AQP-4 on the basolateral membrane).

Answer 42

ADH

Question 43

Decreased Blood Volume (Isotonic),Increased Osmolarity (Isovolemic), and Decreased Blood Pressure stimulate ____ release

Answer 43

ADH Secretion

Question 44

Decreased or absent feeling of thirst, which results in reduced intake of water and can cause Hypernatremia.•A common problem in elderly people, but is also associated with lesions in the hypothalamus (thirst center), head trauma, occult hydrocephalus or subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Answer 44

Hypodipsia

Question 45

Normally changes in _____ stimulate ADH Secretion by the Posterior Pituitary

Answer 45

Osmolarity

Question 46

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)–(Neurogenic/Central and Nephrogenic/Peripheral) and Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) are imbalances of ____

Answer 46

ADH

Question 47

____ is increased ECF conc. of Na in the plasma

Answer 47

Hypernatremia

Question 48

Due to either insufficient production (Neurogenic/Central) or lack of kidney response (Nephrogenic/Peripheral) to ADH.•Presentation with Polyuria: Excretion of a large volumes of urine that is hypotonic and tasteless (insipid)•Diagnostic test includes a dehydration test in a controlled environment. •Other causes of polyuria include:1.Primary ingestion of excess fluid: Primary Polydispia 2.Increased metabolism of ADH (ex. pregnancy)

Answer 48

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 49

Excretion of a large volumes of urine that is hypotonic and tasteless (insipid)

Answer 49

Polyuria:

Question 50

Increased and uncontrolled secretion of ADH that causes volume expansion and hyponatremia. •Can result from surgery, pain, stress, temperature changes, tumor, TB, Pneumonia, positive pressure breathing, Hydrocephalus, Meningitis, HIV, etc.Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 50

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Question 51

What homrone Stimulates contraction of the uterus towards the end of gestation. •Causes milk ejection from the breasts in lactation

Answer 51

Oxytocin