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Endo/Repro 1 > Endo Histo > Flashcards

Endo Histo Flashcards

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1
Q

zones of the cortex?

A

outside - inside

zona glomerulosa

zona fasiculata

zona reticulatis

The cortex does not have its own venous supply so hormones from the cortex will drain through the medulla to arrive at that central vein. They can and do influence the medulla.

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2
Q

pituitray acinus

A

This round arrangement of anterior pituitary cells is an acinus.

Normal adenohypophysis is composed of small acini of pituitary cells surrounded by an intact reticulin network (a). In hyperplasia, the acinar architecture is maintained and the reticulin network is preserved, but the acini are increased in size ( b). In contrast, pituitary adenomas are characterized by complete disruption of the reticulin fiber network ( c). Immunohistochemical stains are required to determine the hyperplastic cell population, and these stains will identify the admixed normal cells that contain all of the normal adenohypophysial hormones.

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3
Q

parathyroid

A

There is more fat in the parathyroid with increasing age.

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4
Q

delta cells

A

secrete somatostatin

inhibit glucagon and insulin

few

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5
Q

pars distalis vs pars nervosa - how to tell the difference

A

pars distalis is much more cellular than the pars nervosa

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6
Q
A

cromaffin cells - direct input from sympatehtic neurons

adrenal medulla

cortical hormones inhibit axonal growth in vivo

This is called a chromaffin stain. The cells have an affinity for dichromate and that’s why they stain this way. This identifies them as a neural crest derivative and they have a unique feature which is that they actually are like post-synaptic neurons. Sympathetic nervous system cells actually synapse directly with cells in the medulla. Whereas cells in the cortex are again producing precursors which will be released when the cortex is stimulated by ACTH. The medulla stores the active hormone and the hormones released by the medulla are epinephrine and norephinephrine—the fight or flight response. These can be released immediately and I’m sure you have felt their effects, postive or negative. You will feel your heartbeat/RR immediately increase. Will shut down blood vessels to your gut, dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles and brain. Secreted directly into the bloodstream rather than having to first be converted to become active.

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7
Q
A

psomma body

papillary carcinoma

Psammoma body: calcified structures (tumor cell necrosis)

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8
Q
A

parathyroid

adipocyte

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9
Q

insulinoma

A

neuroendocrine tumor

beta cell origin

circumscribed by a fibrous capsule

excess insulin causes hypoglycemia

90% benign

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10
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin stimulating glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells and fat storage

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11
Q
A

delta cells

least

secrete somatostatin

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12
Q
A

cd8

CD4, B, Plasma cells but the thing you have the most is cytotoxic CD8 t cells!

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13
Q
A

D

medulla

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14
Q

thyroid

A

thyroid adenoma

The thyroid adenoma follicles directly resemble the normal thyroid gland epithelium. It is a clonal proliferation of cells that is surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The term adenoma is used as this is a benign epithelial proliferation.

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15
Q

embryonic origins of adrenal medulla

A

neural crest

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16
Q
A

the pineal gland

3rd ventricle

regulates circadian rhythm, may also influce onset of gonadal development

“brain said” concretions useful in CT

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17
Q
A

germinal center

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18
Q

Parathyroid adenoma

A

identified due to excess hormone secretion (not mass effect)

cell appearance is very close to normal

usually benign

excess hormone may increase blood Ca and bone tunrover

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19
Q
A

pancreas

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20
Q

How to differentiate zones of the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

The zona fasiculata is much more pale staining and you see empty space here. The zona fasciculata cells have lipid components and this is extracted during staining. This is why it looks white. But these cells are also much more puffy looking compared to the cells around them. And finally over here is the zona reticularis.

In the zona fasciculata the cells are in straight cords, in the reticularis you can see much more branching rather than straight lines.

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21
Q
A

interlobular duct

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22
Q

Thyroid follicle epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal

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23
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A
  • steroids
  • peptides, polypeptides, proteins
  • AA, arachidonic acid analogs and derivatives
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24
Q

parathyroid

A

Oxyphil cell.

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25
alpha cells in the periphery secrete glucagon
26
papillary fragments papillary arrangement fibrovascular core
27
What does the zona glomerulsa do?
aldo reg water/electrolytes and thus BP
28
chief cells
The cells producing the parathyroid hormone are the tiny densely packed darkly staining cells here called chief cells. The parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels, it’s antagonistic to calcitonin. What it does is stimulate osteoclasts so that more calcium is released from the bone.
29
Acidophils
pars distalis (AP) take up acid stains (eosin) , secrete GH and prolactin (breast milK)
30
zona fasciulata - adrenal gland
31
basophils
32
thyroid C cells (parafollicular) NONE! they release calcitonin when blood Ca is high, prevent bone breakdown by inhibiting osteoclasts
33
thyroid
Not follicular cells --\> C cells --\> make calcitonin!
34
chromophobes
35
adrenal medulla
filled with secretory granules in various location associated with ANS, vascularized, secrete catecholamines they act as chemoreceptors
36
Fibrous Capsule. Most insulinomas are benign tumors that do not metastasize.
37
islets secrete glucagon (glucose uptake by muscule and storage as glycogen in the liver) secrete insulin (for glycogen breakdown and glucose release into the blood stream) secrete somatostatin - inhibits both!
38
hashimoto's
autoimmune destruction of follicles by lymphocytes chronic lymphocyte infiltration --\> lymphoid follicles, germinal centers cuboidal follicle cells --\> metaplasia to squamoid with pink cytoplasm symptoms: cold,fatigue, weight gain, muscle weakness, constipation - due to gland failure! looks like hypothyrpid
39
medulla
40
thyroid:
Oncocytic change - Hürthle cell metaplasia (of the follicular cells)
41
Any idea what this tissue is? It’s cartilage! The larynx. On either side, this odd-looking tissue this is the **thyroid gland.** And there we have muscles of the nexk. There are two lobes of the thyroid, and the reason it looks like this is because the thyroid contains thyroglobulin, the bright pink substance which is taking up the stain here. It’s enclosed in follicles. The follicles are composed of simple cuboidal cells.
42
thyroid:
Parafollicular or C cell. Secretes calcitonin.
43
pars intermedia
anterior pituitary it has storage depots containing colloid, no one’s quite sure what it’s doing
44
thyroid:
C cells; calcitonin
45
Herring bodies
in the posterior pituitary (nervosa) PAS+ blobs are the storage locations for the hormones sent from the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa. These are called Herring bodies and are a distinguishing factor of the posterior pituitary. stores hypothalamic hormones (ADH and oxytocin) ADH - increase water reabsorption in kidneys Oxytocin - stim uterine contraction and breast alveoli PP is much less cellular than distalis
46
Centroacinar cell.
47
pituitary cell type:
basophil
48
beta cells majority secrete insulin
49
C cells
in the thyroid gland In addition to the simple cuboidal cells another population—C cells or calcitonic cells. , these C cells also secrete calcitonin. Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation. These C cells (or parafollicular cells), the paler staining ones here they secrete calcitonin when they sense high calcium in the blood. The calcitonin in turn inhibits osteoclasts, prevents them from chewing up bone and releasing calcium into the blood.
50
``` Chromaffin cells (of medulla). Origin: neural crest. ```
51
Parathyroid. Use the location, posterior or posterolateral to the thyroid, to aid in identification. Not lymph node: no capsule/subcapsular space, no germinal centers.
52
pancreas with lymph node
53
This is a high mag of the zona glomerulosa. See the cells are arranged in elongated ovals. They produce mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone. Aldosterone acts to help retain water, it raises blood pressure. Along with vasopressin from the pituitary. You can see the much larger zona fasciculata cells, again it has lipids and also releases the corticosteroids.
54
parafollicular cell calcitonin
55
medulary thyroid carcinoma makes calcitonin
56
diffuse goiter in hashimoto's thyroiditis
57
The dilated end of a neurosecretory neuron containing stored secretory product. Herring body.
58
Capsule.
59
And this is a **parathyroid**. Remember, very small. Please do not confuse with lymph nodes. Note that there is no capsule, no subcapsular sinus. No regular organization into cortex and medulla. Much less organized than highly organized lymph nodes, this is instead the parathyroid. The cells are arranged very densely in cords and right here what you’re seeing in this space is adipose tissue. The older you are the more fat you have in your parathyroid.
60
enteroendocrine cells (DNES - diffuse neuroendocrine system) regulate motility ad various secretions in the digestive system and respoirtatiory mucosa
61
Pituitary B = anterior lobe Affected organs: Thyroid (TSH) Adrenal cortex (ACTH) Ovary and testis (FSH, LH) Bones (GH) Milk glands of breasts (prolactin)
62
parathyroid
chief cells secrete PTH
63
Thyroglobulin or colloid.
64
General Endocrine Cells
Remember that endocrine cells have no ducts and that the capillary associated for transporting out of the gland is fenestrated or sinusoidal to facilitate this transport.
65
Parasympathetic ganglion
66
medullary carcinoma
extracellular amyloid
67
compressed parathyroid in a parathyroid adenoma
68
parathyroid
69
what separates islets from exocrine portions of the pancreas?
reticular fibers
70
hypophyseal portal system
hypothalamic releasing factors to pars distalis (anterior lobe) no neuronal connection from hypothalamus The hypothalamus will secrete the releasing hormones/factors, will send into capillary bed in the hypothalamus, will travel down the infindibulum and end in a capillary bed in the pars distalis.
71
Intercalated duct. (It's a centroacinar cell.)
72
thyroid
Parafollicular C Cell. Not involved in thyroid hormone secretion. Secretes calcitonin, involved in caclium homeostasis.
73
cells in hashimotos?
herthle cells ## Footnote cytotoxic t cell destruction - breakdown in autoimmunity, autoabs, lymphocytes will destroy thyroid cells not many follicular cells left (on high power) - low levels of th, high levels of tsh
74
pars distalis
anterior pituitary secretes a lot of hormones, all of which except one are secreted in response to releasing factors or hormones from the hypothalamus
75
Intercalated duct. (It's a centroacinar cell.)
76
identify organs and regions
zona glomerulosa zona fasiculata zona reticularis
77
Abundant lipid droplets in the cells = zona fasciculata. (Actually, vacuoles where the lipid droplets were before fixation.)
78
thyroid:
, these **C cells** also secrete calcitonin. Calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation. These C cells (or parafollicular cells), the paler staining ones here they secrete calcitonin when they sense high calcium in the blood. The calcitonin in turn inhibits osteoclasts, prevents them from chewing up bone and releasing calcium into the blood.
79
pituitary gland
80
multilocar fat
81
alpha cells of the pancreas
secrete glucagon for glycogenolysis and glucose release into blood stream on the periphery of islets
82
zona fasiculata
83
Embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary?
oropharynx ectoderm (back of mouth) The anterior lobe is derived from the ectoderm of the pharynx.
84
thyroid
85
What are the parts of the anterior pitutary?
pars distalis, which is the largest part of it and in fact the largest part of the gland the pars tuberalis which wraps around the infindibulum this pars intermedia
86
papillary ca nuclear grooves nuclei crowded flat and overlapping
87
hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
hypothalamic axon to pars nervosa (posterior lobe) It’s through the infindibulum that the axons will pass into the neurohypohysis.
88
embryonic origin of the parathyroid glands
branchial pouches densely packed cords of cells increasing adiposity with age
89
Islet of langerhans
90
The entire gland - cortex and medulla are drained by the central vein of the medulla.
91
parathyroid
92
thyroid carcinoma (medullary)
93
insulinoma
94
chief cells - small, large nucleus, small cytoplasm, secrete PTH oxyphils - large cytoplasm, unknown function
95
thyroid
extracellular amyloid
96
multinodular goiter Macrophages Here are the macrophages, that you will see in some of the colloid.
97
Zona reticularis.
98
islets of langerhans
99
excretory duct
100
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
parafollicular cell origin - produces calcitonin (overproduction) amyloid - abnormal calcitonin polypeptides in stroma
101
What does the zona reticularis do?
cortisol DHEA
102
and what hormones do they make?
acidophils ## Footnote GH and PROLACTIN good way to remember: these cells look awfully areolar --\> areola = part of the breast --\> breast produces milk --\> milk makes bebés grow
103
cd8 CD4, B, Plasma cells but the thing you have the most is cytotoxic CD8 t cells!
104
in pituitary:
Pituicyte
105
What is inside thyroid follicles?
thyroglobulin (hormone precursor) With Iodine and TSH - convert to T3, T4
106
hashimoto's thyroiditis autoimmune destruction of follicles by lymphocytes
107
You can measure insulin levels, C-peptide levels and stain the tissue for Insulin. You can also see if the glucose levels remain elevated with fasting.
108
Chromophobes
in pars distalis (AP) colorless granules have probably been released
109
What are the parts of the posterior pituitary?
pars nervosa, the large bulbous part the infindibulum, which is connected to the hypothalamus
110
Hurthle cells
in hashimoto's thyroiditis cuboidal follicle cells --\> metaplasia to squamoid with pink cytoplasm oncocytic change
111
Embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary?
neuroectoderm (part of brain) - remains connected to the brain
112
Basophils
in pars distalis (AP) take up basic stains (hematoxilin, PAS) secrete TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
113
graves disease ## Footnote hyperplasia not much colloid (cells are active and hypertrophic and using reservoirs of thyroglobulin) lots of cells - pile up and give appearance vaculated effect in colloid - more cells, less colloid
114
Types of cells in the pars distalis?
controlled by hypothalamic releasing factors Acidophils - GH, prolactin (pink) Basophils - TSH, ACTH, FSH, LB (blue) Chromphobes (clear)
115
embryonic origins of adrenal cortex?
mesodermal derivative
116
pars nervosa
of the posterior lobe, connects to infindibulum ## Footnote not classic endocrine tissue in that it does not actually secrete its own hormones. They are produced in hypothalamus in these nuclei whose names you are not currently responsible for. The nuclei in the hypothalamus secrete the hormones as granules, these travel along what are actually axons into the pars nervosa. They are stored in granules until such time as they need to be released. So the pars nervosa is really a storage space
117
the pineal gland
It’s located deep in the brain in the third ventricle. Reculates your circadian level, your day-night cycle, probably responsible for jetlag etc. Secretes melatonin. Called pineal because shaped like a pine cone. It tapers a little bit at the bottom. Requires a lot of imagination to see it looks like a pine cone. Interesting substance contained—brain sand, actually concretion of calcium carbonate and phosphate. No one knows what it’s doing here, increases with age. Brain sand clumps can be useful for orienting yourself on a CT scan.
118
basophils (B) secrete TSH
119
Nervous tissue.
120
adrenal gland
121
lymph node

Endo/Repro 1 (7 decks)

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