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From Flashcardlet > Endo PA hormones > Flashcards

Endo PA hormones Flashcards

0
Q

What is the major functions of TSH?

A

stimulates T3 and T4 secretion

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1
Q

What are the target cells for TSH?

A

Thyroid follicular cells

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2
Q

What is the target cell of ACTH

A

zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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3
Q

What is the major function of ACTH?

A

stimulates cortisol secretion

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4
Q

What is the target cells of growth hormone?

A

bone and soft tissues

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5
Q

What is the major functions of GH?

A
  • is essential but NOT solely responsible for growth; by means of IGF-1, indirectly stimulates protein anabolism and growth of bones and soft tissues
  • direct metabolic effects include mobilizing fat and conserve glucose
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6
Q

What are the target cells FSH?

A

Females: Ovarian follicles
Males: Seminiferous tubules in testes

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7
Q

What are the major functions of FSH?

A

Females: promotes follicular growth and development; stimulates estrogen secretion
Males: stimulates sperm production

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8
Q

What are the target cells for LH in a female?

A

ovarian follicle and corpus luteum

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9
Q

What are the major functions of LH in a female?

A

stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, and estrogen and progesterone secretion

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10
Q

Where are the target cells of LH in males located?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig in testes

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11
Q

What is the major function of LH in males?

A

stimulates testosterone production

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12
Q

Where are the target cells of Prolactin located?

A

mammary glands

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13
Q

What are the major functions of prolactin?

A

promotes breast development; stimulates milk secretion

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14
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. TSH 4. FSH
  2. ACTH 5. LH
  3. GH 6. PRL
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15
Q

Which endocrine gland produces melatonin?

A

pineal gland

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16
Q

What are the target cells of melatonin?

A
  • Brain
  • ant. pit.
  • reproductive organs
  • immune system and possibly others
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17
Q

What are the major functions of melatonin?

A
  • entrains body’s biological rhythm with external cues
  • inhibits gonadotropins
  • its reduction likely initiates puberty
  • acts as an antioxidant
  • enhances immunity
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18
Q

Where are T3 & T4 produced?

A

Thyroid gland follicular cells

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19
Q

Which cells are the target of T3 & T4?

A

MOST cells

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20
Q

What are the major functions of T3 & T4?

A
  • Increases metabolic rate

- is essential for normal growth and nerve development

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21
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Thyroid gland C cells

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22
Q

What are the target cells of calcitonin?

A

bone

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23
Q

What is the major function of calcitonin?

A

Decreases plasma [Ca2+]

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24
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

In the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

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25
Q

What are the target cells of aldosterone?

A

kidney tubules

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26
Q

What is the major function of aldosterone?

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

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27
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

In the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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28
Q

What are the target cells of cortisol?

A

Most cells

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29
Q

What are the major functions of cortisol?

A
  • increases blood glucose at the expense of protein and fat stores
  • contributes to stress adaptation
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30
Q

Where are androgens (DHEA) produced?

A

in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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31
Q

What are the target cells of adrenal androgens?

A

Females: bone and brain

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33
Q

What is the major function of adrenal androgens?

A

They are responsible for pubertal growth spurt and sex drive

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34
Q

What are the target cells of releasing and inhibiting hormones (TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, PRH, and dopamine)?

A

Anterior pituitary

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35
Q

What are the major functions of releasing and inhibiting hormones (TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, PRH, and dopamine)?

A

control release of anterior pituitary hormones

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36
Q

What are the 2 hormones stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and Oxytonin

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37
Q

What is the other name of ADH?

A

Vasopressin

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38
Q

What are the target cells for ADH?

A

kidney tubules and arterioles

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39
Q

What are the main function of ADH?

A

increase H20 reabsorption in the kidney tubules and increases vasoconstriction in the arterioles

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40
Q

What are the target cells of oxytocin?

A

uterus and mammary glands

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41
Q

What are the main functions of oxytocin?

A

increase contractility in uterus and causes milk ejection in mammary glands

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42
Q

What hormones are secreted from the stomach?

A

Ghrelin and Gastrin

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43
Q

What are the target cells of ghrelin?

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

What is the major function of ghrelin?

A

signals hunger and appetitie

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45
Q

What is the target cell of gastrin?

A

digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscle, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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46
Q

What is the major function of gastrin?

A

control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes

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47
Q

What hormones are produced by the small intestine?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and Peptide YY

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48
Q

Target cell of Secretin and CCK

A

digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscle, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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49
Q

Function of Secretion and CCK

A

control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes

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50
Q

Target cell of GIP

A

endocrine pancreas

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51
Q

Function of GIP

A

stimulates insulin secretion

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52
Q

Target cell of Peptide YY

A

Hypothalamus

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53
Q

Function of Peptide YY

A

signals satiety; suppresses appetitie

54
Q

Homrones produced by the liver

A

IGF-1, Thrombopoietin, Hepcidin

55
Q

Target cell of IGF-1

A

Bone and soft tissues

56
Q

Function of IGF-1

A

Promotes growth

57
Q

Target cell of Thrombopoietin

A

Bone marrow

58
Q

Function of Thrombopoietin

A

stimulates platelet production

59
Q

Target cell of Hepcidin

A

intestine

60
Q

Function of Hepcidin

A

Inhibits iron absorption into blood

61
Q

Hormone released by the skin

A

Vitamin D

62
Q

Target cell of vitamin D

A

intestine

63
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

increases absorption of ingested Ca and PO4(-3)

64
Q

Hormone released from thymus

A

Thymosin

65
Q

Target cell of thymosin

A

T lymphocytes

66
Q

Function of thymosin

A

Enhances T lymphocyte proliferation and function

67
Q

Hormone released from the heart

A

ANP and BNP (Atrial natriuretic peptides and brain natriuretic peptides)

68
Q

target cells of ANP/BNP

A

Kidney tubules

69
Q

function of ANP/BNP

A

inhibits Na reabsorption

70
Q

Hormones released from Adipose tissue

A

Leptin and Adipokines

71
Q

Target cell of Leptin

A

Hypothalamus

72
Q

Function of Leptin

A

suppress appetite; is important in long-term control of body weight

73
Q

Target cell of Adipokines

A

multiple sites

74
Q

Function of adipokines

A

play a role in metabolism and inflammation

75
Q

What is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone

76
Q

T/F: the overall metabolic effect of GH is to mobilize fat stores as a major energy source while conserving glucose

A

True

77
Q

What is the major source of circulating IGF-1?

A

the liver

78
Q

What serves as an extracellular storage site for thyroid hormones?

A

colloid

79
Q

What substance is needed for the thyroid to produce T3 and T4?

A

iodine

80
Q

What amino acid are the thyroid hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

81
Q

Of the thyroid hormones, which one is more potent?

A

T3

82
Q

How is thyroid hormone secretion regulated?

A

through negative-feedback system between hypothalamic TRH, ant. pit. TSH, and thyroid gland T3 and T4.

83
Q

What stimulates calcium re-absorption in the small intestine?

A

vitamin D

84
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland is derived from neural crest cells?

A

adrenal medulla

85
Q

What is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

mesoderm

86
Q

Which hormone stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis?

A

cortisol

87
Q

T/F: Cortisol must be present in adequate amounts to permit the catecholamines to induce vasodilation.

A

False (to induce vasoconstriction

88
Q

T/F: Cortisol interferes with almost every step of inflammation, such as by suppressing migration of neutrophils to the injured site and interfering with their phagocytic activity and by partially blocking production of inflammatory chemical mediators.

A

True

89
Q

Which portion of the pituitary gland has its own arterial supply?

A

posterior pituitary gland (inferior hypophysial artery)

90
Q

What is the most abundant and physiologically important sex hormone?

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone)

91
Q

How is catecholamines secreted into the blood?

A

by exocytosis of chromaffin granules

92
Q

What is glucagon secreted in response to?

A

a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose on pancreatic alpha cells

93
Q

What is the major function of somatostatin?

A

inhibit digestion and absorption of nutrients

94
Q

What type of cell is somatostatin secreted from?

A

D cells

95
Q

What is the target cell of somatostatin?

A

Digestive System

96
Q

What gland is somatostatin secreted from?

A

Endocrine pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

97
Q

Increasing plasma Ca2+ concentration, decreases plasma PO4 3-, and stimulates vitamin D activation is a function of?

A

parathyroid hormone PTH

98
Q

what is the target of parathyroid hormone?

A

bone, kidneys, and intestine

99
Q

T/F PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration?

A

false

100
Q

T/F PTH increases plasma Ca2+ concentration, increases plasma PO4 2- concentration, and stimulates vitamin D activation?

A

False, decreases plasma PO4 2- concentration

101
Q

Hormones released by Adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

102
Q

Target of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

sympathetic receptor cites throughout the body

103
Q

Function of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

reinforce sympathetic nervous system; contribute to stress adaptation and blood pressure regulation

104
Q

Hormones released by endocrine pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

105
Q

target cells of insulin

A

most cells

106
Q

function of insulin

A

promotes cellular uptake, use, and storage of absorbed nutrients

107
Q

target cells of glucagon

A

most cells

108
Q

function of glucagon

A

important for maintaining nutrient levels in blood during the post absorptive state

109
Q

target of somatostatin

A

digestive system

110
Q

function of somatostatin

A

inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients

111
Q

hormones released by parathyroid gland

A

PTH- parathyroid hormone

112
Q

target of parathyroid hormone

A

bone, kidney, and intestine

113
Q

function of parathyroid hormone

A

increases plasma Ca+2 concentration; decreases plasma PO43- concentration; stimulates vitamin D activation

114
Q

hormone released from the testes

A

testosterone

115
Q

targets of testosterone

A

male sex organs and body as a whole, and bones

116
Q

function of testosterone on male sex organs

A

stimulates sperm production; governs development of male secondary sexual characteristics

117
Q

function of testosterone on bone

A

enhances pubertal growth spurt; promotes closure of epiphyseal plate

118
Q

hormone released by testes and ovaries

A

inhibin

119
Q

target cell of inhibin

A

anterior pituitary

120
Q

function of inhibin in testes and ovaries

A

inhibits secretion of FSH

121
Q

what targets female sex organs and body as a whole?

A

estrogen (estradiol)

122
Q

what function does estrogen (estradiol) have on bone?

A

promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate

123
Q

what are the two hormones secreted by the female gonads: ovaries?

A

estrogen and progesterone

124
Q

What is the target sale of progesterone?

A

uterus

125
Q

what is the major function of estrogen on the female sex organs and body as a whole?

A

promotes follicular development, governs development of female secondary sexual characteristics; stimulates uterine and breast growth

126
Q

what is the major function of progesterone on the uterus?

A

prepares for pregnancy

127
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by placenta?

A
  1. estrogen (estriol) and progesterone

2. human chorionic gonadotropin hCG

128
Q

what are the major functions of estrogen and progesterone secreted by the placenta?

A

to target the female sex organs- to function in maintaining pregnancy and preparing breasts for lactation

129
Q

what is the target cell of hCG?

A

ovarian corpus luteum

130
Q

what is the function of hCG secreted by the placenta?

A

maintain corpus luteum of pregnancy

131
Q

what maintains pregnancy of luteum of pregnancy

A

hCG

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