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GI Block > Endo: Thyroid Nodules > Flashcards

Endo: Thyroid Nodules Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid adenomas

  • Benign or malignant?
  • Solitary or multiple nodules?
  • Typical histologic pattern?
A

Thyroid adenomas

  • Benign neoplasm
  • Solitary nodule
  • Usually Follicular histology
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2
Q

What distinguishes thyroid adenoma from carcinoma?

A

Thyroid adenomas DO NOT invade the capsule or surrounding vessels

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3
Q

You see a solitary thyroid nodule without invasion of the capsule. What would you call it?

Is it likely to be secreting thyroid hormone?

A
  • Thyroid adenoma
  • Most adenomas are cold (do not secrete T3/4), but some can be hot (secrete T3/4 and cause hyperthyroidism)
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4
Q

Describe what you see.

A

Well-circumscribed, well-differentiated nodule next to normal thyroid follicles. Likely an adenoma.

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5
Q

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

  • Common or rare?
  • Prognosis?
  • Solitary or multiple nodules?
  • Typical spread?
A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

  • Very common
  • Excellent prognosis
  • Multifocal
  • Lympathic invasion
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6
Q

A thyroid nodule exhibits empty-appearing nuclei with central clearing, and psammoma bodies.

Likely diagnosis?

A

Papillary carcinoma

*Papi and Moma adopted Orphan Annie (Papillary has psammoma bodies and orphan Annie nuclei)

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7
Q

Medullary carcinoma

  • Origin?
  • Secretions (3)
A

Medullary carcinoma

  • Derived from C cells
  • Secretions: calcitonin, chromogranin, amyloid (congo Red)
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8
Q

Lymphoma of the thyroid is most common in patients with __________

A

Lymphoma in the thyroid is most common in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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9
Q

How do you evaluate a thyroid nodule? (3)

A
  • TSH
  • Neck ultrasound
  • Fine needle aspiration
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10
Q

How can you evaluate a thyroid nodule that is indeterminant after FNA? (2)

A
  • Ultrasound features
  • Molecular markers
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11
Q

Follicular carcinoma

  • Prognosis?
  • Route of spread?
  • Mutations?
A

Follicular carcinoma

  • Good prognosis
  • Invades the vasculature -> spreads by blood
  • Associated with RAS and PAX8-PPARgamma mutations
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12
Q

Papillary carcinoma is associated with what mutations? (2)

A
  • BRAF
  • RET/PTC rearrangement
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13
Q

Name the feature seen here.

What type of thyroid nodule is it?

A

Orphan Annie eyes! (empty nuclei with central clearing)

Typical of papillary carcinoma (Papi and Moma adopted Orphan Annie)

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14
Q

Which thyroid cancer is associated with MEN 2A/B?

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

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15
Q

What is the prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma?

A

Unlike the rest of thyroid carcinomas, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma has a very poor prognosis

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16
Q

What are possible complications of thyroid surgery? (4)

A
  • Cutting recurrent laryngeal nerve -> hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia
  • Removal of parathyroid glands -> hypocalcemia

GI Block (77 decks)

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