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Physiology > Endocrine 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Glands defn

A

Epithelial tissue derivatives specialised for secreting.

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue defn

A

Functional grouping of cells specialised in the exchange of material between the cell and it’s environment, lines and covers various body surfaces and cavities and forms secretory glands.

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3
Q

Secretion defn

A

Release from a cell in response to appropriate stimulation of specific products that have been produced by the cell.

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4
Q

Two major communication systems

A

– nervous system

– endocrine system

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5
Q

Name 4 types of chemical messengers

A

1) Autocrine / Paracrine
2) Neurotransmitter
3) Neurohormones
4) Hormones

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6
Q

What are neurohormones and distribution?

A
  • hormones released into blood by neurosecretory neurons

* distributed through blood to distant target cells

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7
Q

What are hormones?

A
  • long-range messengers

* secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signal and act on distant target cells

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8
Q

What are Autocrine / Paracrine and effect

A
  • local chemical messengers

* exert effect on neighbouring cells (paracrine) or on same cell (autocrine)

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9
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A
  • short-range chemical messengers

* diffuse across narrow space (synapse) to act on adjoining target cell (another neuron, a muscle, or a gland)

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10
Q

Autocrine meaning

A

Can act on itself

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11
Q

Paracrine meaning

A

Can act on another cell close-by

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12
Q

What are neurotransmitters released from?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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13
Q

What does a neurotransmitter bind?

A

A receptor

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14
Q

What does receptor activation cause?

A

Stimulates the cells

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15
Q

Where do neurotransmitters diffuse?

A

Across synapse between two cells

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16
Q

Release of neurohormones

A

Released from synaptic vesicles by neuron

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17
Q

Where are neurohormones released into?

A

The blood

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18
Q

Where are hormones released from?

A

Released from endocrine gland into blood

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19
Q

Where are hormones transported?

A

In blood

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20
Q

What do a hormones target cell express?

A

Specific receptors

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21
Q

Structure of the nervous system

A

Wired system of neurons

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22
Q

Structure of the endocrine system

A

Wireless system of glands

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23
Q

Chemical messenger in nervous system

A

Neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Chemical messenger in endocrine system

A

Hormones

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25
Q

Target site (length) in nervous system

A

Very close

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26
Q

Target site (length) in endocrine system

A

Far away

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27
Q

Distance of action of nervous system

A

Across synaptic cleft

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28
Q

Distance of endocrine of nervous system

A

Carried by blood

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29
Q

Speed of response of nervous system

A

milliseconds

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30
Q

Speed of response of endocrine system

A

mins to hours

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31
Q

Duration of action of nervous system

A

milliseconds

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32
Q

Duration of action of endocrine system

A

mins to days

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33
Q

Major function of nervous system

A

fast precise responses

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34
Q

Major function of endocrine system

A

long duration responses

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35
Q

NB - differences between hormones and neurotransmitters travel

A

Neural messages can only travel along existing nerve tracts; hormonal messages can travel in the circulatory system; thus any cell receiving blood is potentially able to receive a message.

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36
Q

NB - Differences between Hormones and Neurotransmitters

A

Neural messages are digital, all-or-none events that have rapid onset and offset; neural signals can take place in milliseconds; plus, electrical signal can travel along myelinated axons at speeds up to 100 meters per sec! Hormonal messages are analog, graded events that can take seconds, minutes or hours to occur.

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37
Q

What does interaction of a hormone with its receptor lead to?

A

A genomic response whereby the hormone activates genes that regulate protein synthesis (e.g., up-regulation: synthesis of a receptor for that hormone).

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38
Q

What are cell with receptors for the hormone called?

A

Target cells

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39
Q

What do hormones affect?

A

Cell morphology and size (including development of muscle and neuronal cells), and affect cell death (apoptosis) throughout the nervous system.

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40
Q

Hormonal Effects (understand)

A

• Sufficient number of receptors must be available for hormonal effects to occur.
• Popular belief that individual differences in behavior reflects differences in hormone concentrations. For example, it is assumed that roosters that crow frequently have more testosterone than roosters that seldom crow (or that aggressive men have higher T).
• Not necessarily true! – Individual differences in behavior can reflect hormone concentrations, pattern of hormone release, numbers and location of hormone receptors, and the efficiency of those receptors in affecting gene
transcription.
• Hormones rarely change the function of a cell; rather, they alter the rate of normal cellular function.
– Thus, hormones affect cell morphology and size (including development of muscle and neuronal cells), and affect cell death (apoptosis) throughout the nervous system.
• Although hormones obviously affect behavior, it is also true that behavior can influence hormonal levels and hormonal effects.

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41
Q

What are the two hormone catagories based on solubility?

A

– Hydrophilic (lipophobic, water soluble)

– Lipophilic (hydrophobic, water insoluble)

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42
Q

What are the two hydrophilic hormones?

A
  1. Peptide hormones

2. Catecholamines

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43
Q

What are the two lipophilic hormones?

A
  1. Thyroid hormone

4. Steroid hormones

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44
Q

What are the four types of hormones?

A
  1. Peptide hormones
  2. Catecholamines
  3. Thyroid hormone
  4. Steroid hormones
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45
Q

Structure of peptide

A

Amino acids

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46
Q

Solubility of peptide

A

hydrophilic

lipophobic

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47
Q

Receptors of peptide (location)

A

on cell surface

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48
Q

Place of peptide synthesis

A

In endoplasmic reticulum

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49
Q

Storage of peptide

A

Granules

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50
Q

Secretion of peptide

A

Exocytosis of granules

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51
Q

Blood transport of peptide

A

Free hormone

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52
Q

Hormones of peptide, x 9

A 
hypothalamic, 
pituitary, pineal, 
pancreas,
parathyroid, GIT,
kidney, liver, heart
53
Q

Structure of catecholamine

A

Tyrosine derivative

54
Q

Solubility of catecholamine

A
  • Hydrophilic

- Lipophobic

55
Q

Structure of Thyroid hormone

A

Iodinated tyrosine derivative

56
Q

Solubility of thyroid

A
  • Lipophilic

- Hydrophobic

57
Q

(location) Receptors of catecholamine

A

On cell surface

58
Q

Place of catecholamine synthesis

A

In cytosol

59
Q

Storage place of catecholamine

A

Granules

60
Q

Secretion of catecholamine

A

Exocytosis of granules

61
Q

Blood transport of catecholamine

A

Plasma bound

62
Q

Hormone of catecholamine synthesis and storage in ….

A

Adrenal medulla

63
Q

Receptor location of thyroid

A

inside cell

64
Q

Place of synthesis of thyroid hormones

A

organelles

65
Q

Storage of thyroid hormone

A

Colloid

66
Q

Secretion of thyroid hormone

A

Endocytosis of colloid

67
Q

Blood transport of thyroid hormone

A

Plasma bound

68
Q

Name a thyroid hormone x 1

A

Thyroid follicular

69
Q

Structure of steroids

A

Cholesterol derivative

70
Q

Solubility of steroids

A
  • Lipophilic

- Hydrophobic

71
Q

Receptor location of steroids

A

Inside cell

72
Q

Synthesis location of steroids

A

Intracell

73
Q

Storage of steroid as..

A

Lipid droplets

74
Q

Secretion of steroids by..

A

Diffusion

75
Q

Blood transport of steroids

A

Plasma bound

76
Q

Steroid hormones x 2

A
  • Adrenal cortex gonads

- Vit D

77
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

78
Q

Synthesis of steroids

A
79
Q

Cholesterol pathway

A
80
Q

2 types of receptors

A
  • surface receptors

* nuclear receptors

81
Q

Surface receptors binding

A

– bind peptides & catecholamines

– at cell membrane

82
Q

Nuclear receptors binding

A

– bind thyroid & steroid hormones

– inside the cell

83
Q

What do extracellular chemical hormone bind to?

A

Surface receptor

84
Q

What does receptor activation alter in surface receptors?

A

– channel function

– second-messenger systems

85
Q

How can all cells be exposed to hormones? (surface receptors)

A

Circulation

86
Q

What do steroid receptors bind?

A

Steroid hormone

87
Q

What does the hormone-receptor complex become?

A

A transcription factor (alters gene transcription)

88
Q

What does each steroid receptor bind?

A

A unique DNA sequence (response element within an enhancer region)

89
Q

What does steroid binding alter?

A

The rate of transcription

90
Q

Surface receptor domains

A
  • ligand binding domain (LBD)
  • 7 transmembrane domains (TMDs)
  • G-protein coupled
91
Q

Mechanism of surface receptor

A
  • peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of the cell
  • activates G-protein
  • induces intracellular signals
92
Q

Give 6 neuropeptide examples

A
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
  • Oxytocin
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
93
Q

Nuclear receptor domains

A
  • Hormone/Ligand binding domain (LBD)
  • DNA binding domain binds steroid response element (SRE).
  • Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) covered by heat shock proteins (HSP)
94
Q

Nuclear receptor mechanism

A
  • binding of hormone induces detachment of HSP; uncovers NLS
  • receptor + hormone enters nucleus
  • acts as a transcription factor
95
Q

Nuclear receptors x 5 examples

A

Estrogen, Glucocorticoid (Cortisol),
Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone), Progesterone,
Androgen (Testosterone)

96
Q

How can one hormone influence the activity of another hormone?

A

By regulation of its receptor

97
Q

Why might target cell be unresponsive?

A

Due to lack of receptors (physiological, genetic, disease)

98
Q

3 types of receptor regulation

A

Permissiveness
Synergism
Antagonism

99
Q

Permissiveness

A

One hormone is required for another hormone to work

100
Q

Synergism

A

– actions of several hormones are complimentary

– combined effect is greater than sum of separate effects

101
Q

Antagonism

A

– one hormone inhibits another hormone’s receptors

– reduces effectiveness of second hormone

102
Q

What are endocrine glands derived from?

A

Epithelial tissue

103
Q

What are endocrine glands composed of?

A

Clumps of secretory cells

104
Q

What are endocrine glands surrounded by?

A

capillaries

fenestrated

105
Q

Do endocrine glands have a duct system?

A

no!

106
Q

Do exocrine glands have ducts

A

Yes

107
Q

Primary endocrine organs

A

– discrete organs
– main function is endocrine hormone release
– pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

108
Q

Secondary endocrine organs

A

– dispersed in organs
– have other major functions
– heart, kidney, liver, etc.

109
Q

What is the study of endocrine regulation?

A

Neuro-Endocrinology

110
Q

What is neuro-endocrinology?

A

The study of how the brain regulates Pituitary hormone secretion

111
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells release?

A

Neurohormones

112
Q

Where are neuroendocrine cells found?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • thyroid
  • Pancreas / islet of Langerhans
  • pituitary cells
  • renin-secreting cells
  • gastro-intestinal tract
  • lower respiratory tract
113
Q

What is endocrine gland secretion triggered by?

A
  • hormones
  • neurotransmitters
  • metabolic factors
114
Q

What are two types of feedback loops

A
  • long-loop

- short-loop

115
Q

What can feeedback be?

A
  • excitatory

- inhibitory

116
Q

Diagram of hypothalamus short and long loop negative feedback

A
117
Q

Example of positive and negative feedback

A

Positive Feedback -
e.g. Hormone 3 activates Gland 2
Negative Feedback -
e.g. Hormone 3 inhibits Gland 1

118
Q

What do trophic hormones regulate?

A

secretion other of hormones (either releasing or inhibitory)

119
Q

Example of a trophic hormone

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

120
Q

Where is TSH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

121
Q

What does TSH stimulate?

A

Thyroid hormone secretion from thyroid gland

122
Q

What does TSH maintain?

A

Maintains structural integrity of thyroid gland

123
Q

TSH basic pathway

A
124
Q

Disease of endocrine system

A
  • Hyposecretion

- Hypersecretion

125
Q

Cause of primary hyposecretion

A 
• due to abnormality within gland
• causes
– genetic
– dietary (eg lack of iodine)
– chemical or toxic
– immunologic (autoimmune diseases)
– cancer
– surgery (removal / Iatrogenic)
– idiopathic (unknown)
126
Q

Cause of secondary hyposecretion

A

Deficiency of tropic hormone

127
Q

Cause of hypersecretion

A

– tumours continuously secrete hormone

– immune factors

128
Q

Cause of primary hypersecretion

A

Too much hormone secreted due to abnormality within gland

129
Q

Cause of secondary hypersecretion

A

Excessive stimulation of gland causes oversecretion

Physiology (28 decks)

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