Endocrine

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

Comprised of glands and the hormones they secrete

Question 2

Glands

Answer 2

Separate organ or part of another organ

Question 3

Hormones

Answer 3

Chemical mediator, or ligands released into the blood that can alter the metabolic activity of cells

Question 4

Ligands

Answer 4

Chemical Mediator

Question 5

Target Cells

Answer 5

Any body cells that have receptors for the hormones

Question 6

Hormonal Stimulation

Answer 6

The stimulus for the release of many hormones from its endocrine gland is the binding of another hormone

Question 7

Humoral Stimulation

Answer 7

Some endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormones in response to a changing level of nutrient molecules (glucose) or ions (Ca2+) within the blood

Question 8

Neural Stimulation

Answer 8

A few endocrine glands are stimulated to release hormone(s) by direct stimulation from the nervous system

Question 9

Steroids

Answer 9

Lipid-Soluble, formed from cholesterol

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

Question 10

Biogenie Amines

Answer 10

Water-soluble (except thyroid hormone), derived from amino acid that is modified

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormone, melantonin

Question 11

Proteins

Answer 11

Water-soluble, consists of amino acid chains, 3 subgroups: small peptides, large polypeptides, glycoproteins

Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, erythropoietin

Question 12

Local Hormones

Answer 12

Large group of signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood; instead these molecules are released from cells that produce them and bind with either the small cell that produced them or neighboring cells.

Question 13

Eicosanoids

Answer 13

Local hormones derived from fatter acid

Question 14

Autocrine Stimulation

Answer 14

Initiate cellular changes within the same cell

Question 15

Paracrine Stimulation

Answer 15

Initiate cellular changes within a neighboring cell

Question 16

Bound Hormone

Answer 16

A hormone (lipid-soluble) attached to a carrier protein

Question 17

Unbound (free) Hormone

Answer 17

An unattached hormone (water-soluble)

Question 18

Hormone Synthesis

Answer 18

Occurs in an endocrine gland; if the rate of synthesis and release increases, then the concentration of the hormone within the blood is greater. In contrast, if synthesis and release of the hormone decreases, hormone concentration in the blood is lower

Question 19

Hormone Elemination

Answer 19

Hormones are typically eliminated through either (1) enzymatic degradation, which usually occurs in liver cells, or (2) removal of the hormone from the blood by either its excretion from the kidneys or by its uptake into target cells. The faster the rate of hormone elimination, the lower the hormone concentration within the blood, whereas the slower the rate of hormone elimination, the higher the hormone concentration within the blood.

Question 20

Half-Life

Answer 20

The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally (or measured previously)

Question 21

Lipophilic

Answer 21

Lipid-loving

Question 22

Hormone-receptor Complex

Answer 22

Hormones binding to intracellular receptors located either in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 23

Hormone-response Elements (HREs)

Answer 23

The hormone receptor complex formed within the target cell binds to a particular DNA sequence in regions of the chromatin

Question 24

Signal Transduction Pathway

Answer 24

The binding of water-soluble hormones to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a series of biochemical events across the membrane

Question 25

First Messenger

Answer 25

The signaling hormone

Question 26

Second Messenger

Answer 26

Intracellular chemical modifying activity within a cell after the first messenger binds to the plasma membrane

Question 27

G Protein

Answer 27

Specific protein that acquires its energy from guanosine triphosphate; when activated by a membrane protein and alters the activity of that protein

Question 28

Adenylate Cyclase

Answer 28

Activate G protein moves along the inside of the plasma membrane, where it binds to the plasma membrane protein adenylate cyclase. Activated adenylate cyclase increases the formation of the second messenger, cAMP from ATP

Question 29

Protein Kinase

Answer 29

The cAMP then activates this, a protein that phosphorylates other molecules

Question 30

Intracellular Enzyme Cascade

Answer 30

The binding of the hormone results in specific "information" being passed in a signal conduction pathway. The cascade includes G protein, transmembrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C), second messenger, and protein kinase enzymes. The activated protein kinase enzymes may either stimulate or inhibit enzymatic pathways within the cell, alter cell permeability to an ion, or both.

Question 31

Up-regulation

Answer 31

Cells may increase their number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone

Question 32

Down-regulation

Answer 32

Cells may decrease their number of receptors and reduce sensitivity to a hormone

Question 33

Synergistic

Answer 33

The activity of one hormone reinforces the activity of another hormone

Question 34

Permissive

Answer 34

The activity of one hormone requires a second hormone

Question 35

Antagonistic

Answer 35

The effects of one hormone opposes the effects of another hormone

Question 36

Hypophysis

Answer 36

Pituitary gland

Question 37

Infundibulum

Answer 37

Anatomical pathway that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Question 38

Oxytocin (OT)

Answer 38

Stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle of both the uterus during delivery and the breast to cause ejection of milk; also interacts with the brain to increase feelings of emotional bonding between individuals

Question 39

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 39

Also called vasopressin; stimulates both the kidneys to decrease urine output, the thirst center to increase fluid intake, and in high doses it causes vasoconstriction

Question 40

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

Answer 40

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 41

Prolactin-releasing Hormone (PRH)

Answer 41

Controls the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 42

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)