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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Endocrine System

A

Differentiate reproductive and CNS in developing fetus
Stimulate sequential growth and development during childhood and adolescence
Coordinate male and female reproductive systems
Maintain optimal internal environment throughout life (homeostasis)
Initiate the corrective and adaptive responses when emergency demands occur

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Secreted into blood stream from endocrine glands
Initiate or regulate activity of organ or group of cells in another part of body

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3
Q

Characteristics of Hormones

A

Specific rates and patterns of secretion
Operate in feedback system
Affect only target cells with specific receptors
Excreted by kidneys or deactivated by liver

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4
Q

Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters

A

Both must bind to a receptor to send signal
Neurotransmitters localized
Hormones widespread
Hormones slower and longer lasting

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5
Q

Proteins + Peptides

A

Hormones mad from chains of amino acids
Water-soluble
On cell surface, cannot enter cell membrane
Circulate in free unbound forms
Short half life

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6
Q

Steroids

A

From cholesterol
Lipid soluble
Action within cell
Transported by carrier or binding proteins
Last in blood for hours to days

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7
Q

Amines

A

Simple molecules, act like proteins/peptides or steroids, derived from tyrosine

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8
Q

Hormone Release

A

Response to altered cellular environment or in maintenance of regulated level of hormone or other substance
Negative feedback
Endocrine regulation
Neural control

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9
Q

Hormone Transport

A

Throughout blood and by lymphatic system

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10
Q

Target Cell Receptor Functions

A

Recognize and bind specifically to particular hormone
Initiate signal to appropriate intracellular effectors

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11
Q

Direct Effect Action

A

Changes in cell function specifically from stimulation by a particular hormone

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12
Q

Permissive Effect Action

A

Less obvious changes that facilitate maximal response or function of a cell
Hormone cannot exert full effects without presence of another hormone
Synergistic or antagonistic effects

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13
Q

Hormone Removal

A

Concentration returns to normal follow target action.
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions to inactivate a hormone
Excreted by kidney
Deactivated by liver

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Links nervous system to endocrine system

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15
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Maintain homeostasis
Control hormones

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16
Q

Hypothalamic Homeostasis

A

Exerts control on ANS
Receives information from internal environment, operates on the environment by projecting onto the medulla

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17
Q

Hypothalamic Control

A

HR and BP
Temp, sweating
Fluid and electrolyte balance, thirst
Digestion, appetite, body weight
Glandular secretion of stomach and intestines
Production of substances influencing pituitary gland
Sleep cycle

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18
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones Anterior Pituitary

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone
Dopamine
Gondatropin releasing hormone
Growth releasing hormone
Melatonin
Somatostatin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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19
Q

Hypothalamic Hormones Posterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

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20
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

A

Combines with vasopressin to stimulate AP to secrete ACTH

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21
Q

Dopamine

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin from AP

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22
Q

Gondatropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates AP to secrete LH and FSH

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23
Q

Growth releasing hormone

A

Stimulates AP to secrete growth hormone

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24
Q

Melatonin

A

Influences sleep pattern and immune system

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25
Somatostain
Inhibits secretion of growth hormone for the AP
26
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Stimulates AP to secrete TSH
27
Oxytocin
Influences uterus and milk ejection in pregnant/lactating women
28
Vasopressin
Influences water reabsorption
29
Hypothalamic Dysfunction
Depression Hyperactivity Sleep disorders Hormone dysfunction Immune system disorders Autonomic system dysfunction Abnormal responses to stress Temp regulation problems
30
Pituitary Gland
Functionally linked to hypothalamus Affects almost every body function
31
Anterior Pituitary Regulation
Secretion of hypothalamic peptide hormones or releasing factor Feedback effects of hormones secreted by target cells Direct effects of mediating neurotransmitters
32
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Stimulates cortex of adrenal gland to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones
33
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones Also effects CNS, cardiovascular, calcium metabolism
34
Prolactin
Proliferation and secretion of mammary glands
35
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles Regulates menstruation or spermatogenesis
36
Luteinizing Hormone
Regulates reproduction Ovulation, formation of corpus lute or spermatogenesis and secretion of sex hormones
37
Growth Hormone
Somatotropin Promotes growth
38
Increased GH Stimulation
1 hour after sleep Hypoglycemia Exercise Puberty
39
GH Regulation
Negative feedback loop via somatostatin to tell hypothalamus to stop producing GH
40
Pituitary Adenoma
Benign tumour classified based on size Hypersecretion of pituitary hormones
41
Effect of Pituitary Adenoma
Gigantism and acromegaly from too much GH Cushing's disease from ACTH Hyperthyroidism from TSH Pituitary apoplexy
42
Cushing's Syndrome
Hormonal disorder from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
43
S/Sx of Cushing's Syndrome
Upper body obesity, round face, increased fat around the neck, and thinning arms and legs Women have excess hair growth on faces, necks, chest, abdomens, and thighs, menstrual periods irregular or stop Men have decreased fertility with decreased sex drive Fatigue, weak muscles, HTN, high BS, irritable, anxious, depressed
44
Posterior Pituitary
Hormones packaged in neurons of hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary Released from depolarization
45
Vasopressin
Increased water reabsorption and more concentrated urine Increased secretion in response to increased plasma osmolality
46
Increases of ADH secretion
Decreased intravascular volume Stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea, nicotine, exposure to heat + drugs Vasoconstrictor at high doses
47
Decreases of ADH secretion
Plasma osmolality, increased intravascular volume, HTN, alcohol ingestion
48
Oxytocin
Women: contractions of uterus and milk ejection Men: sperm motility, prostate
49
Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH
Small cell lung carcinoma Hyponatremia and inappropriately concentrated urine
50
Management of SIADH
Water restriction Seizure treatment with 3% saline Na replacement slow
51
Thyroid Gland
Located in neck below larynx Produces hormones that control rate of metabolic processes throughout body
52
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3)
53
Role of Thyroid Hormones
Increases rate of protein, fat, glucose metabolism, results in increased body temp Works with parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels Promotes GI tract, cardiovascular, reproductive and temp functions Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation Promotes growth and development CNS function and development
54
Hypothyroidism Causes
Congenital defects, autoimmune disorders (hashimoto's disease, sarcoidosis) Iodine deficiency Medications (amio, lithium) Abnormal growth/tumours (thyroid/pituitary)
55
Neuro + hypothyroidism
Confusion, syncope, lethargy
56
Pulmonary + hypothyroidism
Dyspnea, hypoventilation + CO2 retention from changes in respiratory muscles
57
Reproductive + hypothyroidism
Decrease hormones causing an ovulation, oligospermia
58
Endocrine + Hypothyroidism
Increased prolactin
59
Hematological + Hypothyroidism
Decrease red cell mass, iron, and folate absorption
60
Cardiovascular + hypothyroidism
Decrease SV, HR, CO, increase PVR, cold intolerance, enlarged heart
61
ECG Changes + Hypothyroidism
Bradycardia Prolonged PR Depressed P waves Flattened or inverted T waves Low amplitude QRS
62
Renal + Hypothyroidism
Decrease blood flow and GF causing increased water retention + hyponatremia
63
GI + Hypothyroidism
Decrease appetite, weight gain, fluid retention, decrease metabolism, glucose absorption, increased insulin sensitivity
64
MSK + Hypothyroidism
Muscle aching + stiffness, decrease bone formation, increase bone density, aching + stiff joints
65
Integumentary + Hypothyroidism
Dry, flaky, brittle head and body hair, reduced growth of hair + nails, slow wound healing, cool skin
66
Myxedema
Sign of severe + long standing hypothyroidism Altered composition of dermis and tissues from hyaluronic acid
67
Diseases causing hyperthyroidism
Graves disease Adenoma/Plummer's Disease Thyroiditis Thyroid cancer
68
Endocrine + hyperthyroidism
Enlarged thyroid gland, increased cortisol degradation, hypercalcemia, decreased insulin sensitivity
69
Reproductive + Hyperthyroidism
Impotence, amenorrhea
70
GI + Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss, peristalsis, n/v, anorexia, abdominal pain, increase use of hepatic glycogen stores and adipose + protein stores
71
Integumentary + Hyperthyroidism
Excess sweating, heat intolerance, temporary hair loss
72
Sensory + Hyperthyroidism
Elevated upper eyelid, blinking, protruding eyeballs
73
Cardiovascular + hyperthyroidism
Increased CO, decreased PVR
74
Nervous + Hyperthyroidism
Restlessness, short attention span, fatigue, tremor, insomnia
75
Pulmonary + Hyperthyroidism
Dyspnea
76
S/Sx Thyroid Storm
Enhanced SNS activity CNS effects Cardiovascular GI
77
Parathyroid Gland Function
Secrete parathyroid hormone to maintain levels of calcium in blood and ECF
78
PTH in Kidney
Acts on plasma receptor in proximal tubule of nephron Increases calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphorus reabsorption Decreases proximal tubule reabsorption of bicarb Stimulates synthesis of vitamin D Increases GI absorption of calcium
79
Adrenal Gland
Made of inner medulla and outer cortex
80
Role of Adrenal Gland
Regulates stress Cholesterol needed
81
Adrenal Medulla
Best in relation to SNS Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers Secretes epi and NE
82
Adrenal Cortex
Outer region of adrenal gland
83
Zones of adrenal cortex
Zone Glomerulosa Zone Fasciculata Zone Reticularis
84
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex Steroids
85
Cortisol
Main secretory hormone of adrenal cortex Secreted by ACTH via hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
86
Cortisol + Insulin
Decreases glucose uptake and increases synthesis in liver provides amino acids for glucose production in liver Promote lipolysis and increased blood cholesterol levels
87
Aldosterone
Most potent mineralocorticoid Maintains salt + water balance and promotes K excretion Stimulates RAAS
88
Androgens
Primarily dehydroepiandosterone Precursos to sex hormones
89
Pheochromocytoma
Tumors of adrenal gland which produce excessive catecholamines Secrete excess epi and NE Can be life threatening due to adrenal crisis
90
Glucagon + Pheochromocytoma
Stimulates adenylate cyclase to produce increase cAMP, promotes hepatic glycolysis + gluconeogenesis, resulting in rise in BG Effect of glucagon on heart resembles catecholamines
91
Dopamine + Pheochromocytoma
Sympathomimetic agent
92
Cushing's Disease
Tumor in pituitary gland stimulating excess release of cortisol from adrenal gland through large amounts of ACTH
93
Cushing's Syndrome
Too much cortisol in blood stream (regardless of cause)
94
Addison's Disease
Chronic adrenal insufficiency Production of insufficient glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
95
S/Sx of Adrenal Crisis
Severe vomiting + diarrhea Fever Tachycardia Hypotension Altered LOC Hypoglycemia Seizures Sudden penetration pain in the legs Lower back or abdomen pain
96
Pancreas
Endocrine + exocrine gland
97
Endocrine Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
98
Glucagon
Produced by alpha cells and cells lining GI tract Release inhibited by high glucose and increased by low glucose Stimulated by alanine, glycine, and asparagines Acts in liver through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Antagonistic to insulin
99
Glucagone Secretion
Hypoglycemia Amino acids Acetylcholine NE Epinephrine
100
Inhibition of Secretion
Fatty acids Somatostatin Insulin
101
Insulin
Produced by beta cells Promotes glucose uptake from blood to cells Synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids Intracellular transport of K Promotes glucose storage Enhances glycolysis Promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis
102
Regulating Insulin
Chemical, hormonal, and neural control
103
Somatostatin
GHIH Produced by Delta cells Essential in carb, fat and protein metabolism Regulates alpha cell and beta cell function by regulating secretions of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide
104
Type I Diabetes
Inability of beta cells to produce insulin Destruction of pancreatic beta cells
105
Type 2 Diabetes
Impaired ability of tissues to respond to insulin Normal or higher amounts of insulin in circulation
106
DKA Patho
Cells cant use glucose Free fatty acids metabolized Osmotic diuresis High anion gap, vasodilation, Kussmauls
107
HHS
Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes Decreased utilization of glucose from insulin resistance Osmotic diuresis with glycosuria and volume depletion No kussmauls resps
108
HHS vs DKA
HHS different with greater degree of hyperglycemias, lesser degree of acidosis, absent/minimal serum + urine ketones
109
Glucagon uses
Hypoglycaemia Beta blocker toxicity Anaphylaxis with refractory hypotension CCB toxicity refractory to IV calcium Relief of lower esophageal foreign body

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