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Science For Paramedics > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

is made of organs called glands that produce different hormones

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2
Q

Which system does the endocrine system work with

A

They work with the nervous system especially the automatic system to control and adjust functions

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3
Q

What are the glands in the brain

A

Hypothalamus and the pituitary glands

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4
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland found

A

there found in the diencephalon

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus secrets hormones that regulate Body temperature,
Blood pressure, Sleep and many more

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6
Q

How does the hypothalamus perform

A

by directly influencing the autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones. Some hormones that is stored elsewhere send signals to the pituitary glands to either relieve hormones or signal another hormone

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7
Q

What are the five types of hormones in the hypothalamus

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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8
Q

What is a pituitary gland

A

Acts as the body’s master gland ollowing chemical messages from the hypothalamus sends hormones to other glands that then lead to a response

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8
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland

A

The anterior pituitary is supplied indirectly with arterial blood provides oxygen and nutrients, this blood transports hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What are the five types of hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid stimulus hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Gonadotropins
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone

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10
Q

Where does the Thyroid stimulus hormone travel to

A

to the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Where does Adrenocorticotropic hormone travel to

A

to the adrenal gland

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12
Q

What is growth hormone

A

a protein hormone that stimulates growth of bone and muscle in children. It also increases protein synthesis and metabolic processes that lead to growth

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13
Q

What is Prolactin hormone

A

is protein hormone is essential in lactation in females in males it helps enhance secretion testosterone and production of semen

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14
Q

What is the Gonadotropins hormone

A

Travels to the gonads – ovaries for females and testes for men

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15
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland

A

it is made up of nervous tissue does not synthesise hormones of its own and is a hormone storage area.This network of nerve fibres allows the hypothalamus to transport its hormones to the posterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamic–hypophyseal tract

A

is the posterior lobe that is connected to the hypothalamus by a bridge of nerve axons

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17
Q

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland

A

Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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18
Q

Where is the pineal gland located

A

located beneath the corpus callosum.

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19
Q

What is the pineal gland main function

A

to help control the circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin.

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20
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

the body’s internal 24-hour clock that regulates cycles of alertness and sleep by responding to certain changes

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21
Q

What is melatonin

A

is secreted in response to darkness. Therefore, during the day, its levels decrease due to excess light.

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22
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

is located on the anterior surface of the neck, just below the larynx and sits in front of the tracheal.

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23
Q

What are the two lobes for the thyroid gland

A

left and right lobe is connected by the isthmus

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24
Q

What forms the thyroid glands and what do they release

A

formed of small spherical sacs called thyroid follicles. wall of the follicle consists primarily of cuboidal epithelial cells called follicular cells that secrete two hormones Thyroxine (also called T4)
Tri-iodothyronine (also called T3

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25
Q

What are the main functions of thyroid organs

A

Regulate growth, development and reproduction,Stimulate metabolic activities.Increase sensitivity of the cardiovascular and nervous system to adrenaline and noradrenaline which are catecholamines

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26
Q

what is another hormone that the thyroid gland releases

A

calcitonin. This is responsible for regulating calcium homeostasis by decreasing calcium levels

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27
Q

What are they located parathyroid glands

A

located beneath the thyroid gland there are two pairs 2 superior and 2 inferior

28
Q

what is the parathyroid hormones

A

contains epithelial cells called chief cells that produce parathyroid hormone which to increase blood calcium levels Muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses
Blood clotting
Normal action of enzymes

29
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

gland sits between the lungs within the mediastinum. It lies anterior and superior to the heart and sits behind the sternum

30
Q

What is the thymus glands

A

It is a gland that is part of both the endocrine and lymphatic system.several hormones that collectively are known as thymosins.These play a role in the development and maintenance of normal immunological responses

31
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

located across the back of the belly, behind the stomach.

32
Q

What is the right side of a pancreas

A

right side of the organ is called the head is the widest part of the organ and lies in the curve of the duodenum, the first division of the small intestine

33
Q

What is the left side of a pancreas

A

left side extends slightly upward (the body of the pancreas) and ends near the spleen which is called the tail.

34
Q

What are the two pancreas glands

A

Exocrine and endocrine

35
Q

What is the exocrine gland

A

secretes digestive enzymes into a network of ducts that join the main pancreatic duct. This runs the length of the pancreas

36
Q

What is the endocrine gland

A

this consists of something called the islets of Langerhans – this secretes hormones into the bloodstream

37
Q

What is the functional unit for the exocrine

A

The acinar cell it synthesises stores and secretes digestive enzymes
- Trypsin and chymotrypsin assist with digestion of proteins
- Amylase assists with digestion of carbohydrates
- Lipase assists with breakdown of fats

38
Q

What are the four types of hormone secreting cell endocrine

A

Alpha (α) or A cells secrete glucagon

Beta (β) or B cells secrete insulin

Delta (δ) or D cells secrete somatostatin

PP cells or F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptides

39
Q

What is glucagon - Alpha cells

A

is released to raise the concentration of glucose and is classed as a catabolic hormone

40
Q

What is Somatostatin - D cells

A

This has strong regulatory effects throughout the body as it works to inhibit the release of other hormones

41
Q

What is Pancreatic polypeptides - F cells

A

regulates pancreatic secretion activities and impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. It also acts as an inhibitor of somatostatin secretion

42
Q

What is insulin - beta cells

A

released to lower the concentration of glucose.It also helps blood sugar enter the body’s cells so it can be used for energy.

43
Q

What is the normal blood glucose

A

4-8 mmol

44
Q

What are the main effects of insulin

A

enhance the utilisation of glucose by various organs and for the purpose of oxidation and energy generation

45
Q

What are the three insulin antagonists

A

Glucagon

Adrenaline

Cortisol

46
Q

What are the main effect of insulin antagonists

A

Acting on the liver cells to speed glycogenolysis (formation of glycogen to glucose)

Acting on the muscles to speed gluconeogenesis

47
Q

where is the adrenal glands located

A

The paired adrenal glands sit superior to each kidney and have a flattened pyramid shape

48
Q

what are the three zones that the adrenal cortex divides into

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens

49
Q

What is Mineralocorticoids

A

this is the outer zone. The main mineralocorticoid is called aldosterone – it is involved in maintaining water and electrolyte balance stimulates re-absorption of sodium ions.

50
Q

what occurs when aldosterone is secreted

A

is secreted following the blood’s potassium levels becoming highpromotes aldosterone to help stimulate the excretion of potassium in urine

51
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte imbalance and systemic vascular resistance

52
Q

what happens when renin is released

A

low blood volume and salt levels, juxtaglomerular cells release renin into the bloodstream, which helps the liver’s production of angiotensinogen into the hormone angiotensin I.An further enzyme known as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) helps convert angiotensin I into the hormone angiotensin II. The lungs contain this.
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II.

53
Q

What is anti-diuretic hormone

A

It is released from the posterior pituitary gland and is secreted in response to decreased blood volume regulate the amount of water in the body by controlling the amount of water the kidneys absorbs

54
Q

What is glucocorticoids

A

is the middle zone These include cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone
These hormones are under the control of the adrenocorticotropic hormone

55
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid functions

A

is cortisol and is predominantly known as the stress hormone
- Increase your body’smetabolismof glucose
- Regulates metabolism of fats and proteins
- Control yourblood pressure
- Reduce inflammation
- Regulates the body’s stress response

56
Q

What is Androgens

A

is the inner layer that secretes sex hormones that contribute to growth and reproduction in both men and women

57
Q

what are the adrenal medulla two hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

58
Q

what is Adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

they potentiate the fight or flight response leading to an array of different affects:

Pupil dilation
Bronchi expanding
Heart rate and blood pressure increases
Liver produces more blood sugar
Digestion and urination ceases
Muscles stimulated

release in response to physical or emotional stress

59
Q

What are the gonads

A

In females, these are the ovaries and males, the testes

60
Q

Where is the ovaries located

A

the pelvic cavity of females produces several steroid hormones including oestrogen and progesterone

61
Q

What is oestrogen

A

It is needed for puberty, the menstrual cycle as well as bone strength

62
Q

What is Progesterone function

A

is to prepare the lining of the uterus for a fertilised egg to implant and grow

63
Q

What is Gonadotropins

A

include two hormones Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinising hormone

64
Q

What is Follicle stimulating hormone

A

This is a glycoprotein that stimulates the formation of sperm in the testis and the maturation of the ovarian follicles and oestrogen in the ovary

65
Q

what is Luteinising hormone

A

This is a glycoprotein that stimulates the production of testosterone in the testis, the ovulation and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone by the ovary

66
Q

what is oxtocin

A

causes the uterine muscles to contract, and when a baby is being breastfed, oxytocin encourages the flow of milk via the breast ducts so that the nipple may expel it.

67
Q
A

Science For Paramedics (13 decks)

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