Endocrine

Question 1

endocrine system jobs

Answer 1

cellular metabolism
growth
fluid and electrolyte balance
adaptations to physical and emotional stressors
utilization of nutrition
reproduction
immune responses

Question 2

nervous system hormonal feedback in stress

Answer 2

limbic (emotion, memory, learning, sex)
catecholamine fight or flight

Question 3

endocrine hormonal feedback in stress

Answer 3

corticotropin releasing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
cortisol and aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone

Question 4

immune hormonal feedback in stress

Answer 4

lymphocytes and eosinophils
allergic response

Question 5

the role of ACTH and cortisol in stress

Answer 5

pituitary releases ACTH in response to stress -> ACTH travels to adrenals -> adrenals release cortisol -> cortisol causes insulin resistance -> hyperglycemia and increased glucose secretion -> increase in serum sodium and water retention

Question 6

hormones released by pituitary

Answer 6

anterior: ACTH, GH, MSH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin
posterior: oxytocin, ADH

Question 7

what does a high TSH represent

Answer 7

low T3 and T4

Question 8

thyroid

Answer 8

hypothalamus releases TRH in response to low T3/T4 levels -> stimulates anterior pituitary -> TSH is sent from pituitary to thyroid gland -> release of T3 and T4

Question 9

hyperthryoidism

Answer 9

low TSH
high T3, T4

Question 10

hyperthyroidism symptoms

Answer 10

weight loss/weakness
nervous and irritability
hot
diarrhea
tremors
tachycardia/tachypnea
high blood pressure
amenorrhea
elevated calcitonin

Question 11

thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm causes

Answer 11

infection
tumor
thyroidectomy
that releases large amounts of T3 and T4

Question 12

thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm manifestations

Answer 12

severe agitation
tachycardia with arrythmia
HTN
hyperthermia

Question 13

thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm treatment

Answer 13

beta blockers
cooling blankets
Ativan
Thionamides to kill bad

Question 14

thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm labs and diagnostics

Answer 14

cardiac
liver
thryoid
EKG

Question 15

hypothyroidism

Answer 15

high TSH
low T3, T4

Question 16

hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 16

weight gain
bradycardia/hypotension
constipation
fatigue
decreased reflexes
cold
dull mentation
hypoglycemia

Question 17

what med is given for hypothyroidism

Answer 17

levothyroxine

Question 18

parathyroid

Answer 18

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone and increase serum calcium levels
PTH works with vitamin D to mobilize calcium

Question 19

result of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 19

high calcium
low vitamin D

Question 20

result of hypoparathyroidism

Answer 20

low calcium
low vitamin D
prolonged QT interval

Question 21

adrenal glands

Answer 21

cortex: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid
medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 22

addison disease/adrenal insufficiency

Answer 22

immune system attacks the adrenal cortex resulting in destruction of 90% or more of the cortex
results in a depletion of cortisol and aldosterone

Question 23

addison disease/adrenal insufficiency labs

Answer 23

cortisol level
elevated ACTH level
elevation MSH

Question 24

addison disease/adrenal insufficiency treatment

Answer 24

IV therpay
dextrose
fludrocortisone (mineralocorticod)
hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid)

Question 25

cushings disease

Answer 25

caused by a pituitary adenoma which causes a hypersecretion of ACTH resulting in an excess of cortisol in the body permanent condition pituitary is the problem

Question 26

cushings syndrome

Answer 26

caused by exogenous sources, meds like prednisone will ago away once exogenous cause is stopped

Question 27

cushing disease/syndrome charactersitcs

Answer 27

weakness/fatigue hyperglycemia/hyponatremia immunosuppression abdominal stretch marks muscle loss fat build up behind neck loss of hair round swollen face (moon) loss of menstrual cycle) thin extremities thin skin bruises and petechiae osteoporosis

Question 28

pheochromocytoma

Answer 28

neuroendocrine tumor in the medulla of the adrenal gland -> results in hypersecretion of catecholamines: epi and norepi

Question 29

pheochromocytoma symptoms

Answer 29

HTN irregular heart rate and rhythm sweating

Question 30

pheochromocytoma treatment

Answer 30

alpha blockers beta blockers surgery to remove the tumor

Question 31

aging effects on the endocrine system

Answer 31

decrease in appetite and thirst increases of cortisol menopause: decrease in FSH, estrogen decreased testosterone increase of hyperparathyroid decrease in growth hormone insulin resistance

Question 32

aging effects on the endocrine system nursing considerations

Answer 32

nutrition and hydration blood sugar control decrease in bone density hormone therapy increases risk of breast cancer and prostate cancer