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BIO108-Gen Physio (Iv and Josh Collab) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

are glandular secretory
cells that release hormones directly into the interstitial fluids, lymphoid system, or blood

A

Endocrine cells

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2
Q

alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs

A

Hormones

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3
Q

where do endocrine cells release hormones directly?

A
  • interstitial fluids
  • lymphoid system
  • blood
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4
Q

“pure” endorcine glands

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal

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5
Q

Other organs containing endocrine cells

A
  • Pancreas
  • Thymus
  • gonads
  • Hypothalamus
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6
Q

acts as an endocrine organ, releasing the hormones ADH and oxytocin into the circulation at the neurohypophysis
(posterior lobe)

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

what do hypothalamus release?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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8
Q

where do Hypothalamus release the hormones?

A

Circulation at the Neurohypophysis

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9
Q

have direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal gland.

A

Autonomic centers

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10
Q
  • important homeostatic control center
    – Regulates water balance, hunger and satiety, body temperature, water balance
    – Controls the pituitary gland
A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

resembles a golf club with a stalk (or infundibulum) that extends from the hypothalamus and the head of the club as the gland

A

Pituitary gland

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12
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

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13
Q

anterior lobe

A

adenohypophysis

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14
Q

posterior lobe

A

neurohypophysis

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15
Q

Hormones released by Neurohypophysis

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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16
Q

Hormones released by Adenohypophysis

A

ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
FSH
LH

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17
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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18
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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20
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

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21
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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22
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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23
Q

Stores ADH and oxytocin which are actually produced in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary

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24
Q

inability to produce ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

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25
causes uterine contractions and milk letdown in lactation
Oxytocin
26
It is controlled by hypothalamus by hypothalamic-releasing hormones
Anterior pituitary
27
Three anterior pituitary hormones that have effect on other glands
- TSH - ACTH - Gonadotrophic hormone
28
thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone
TSH
29
adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids
ACTH
30
stimulate the gonads to produce estrogen and testosterone
Gonadotrophic hormones
31
3 anterior pituitary hormones do not affect other glands
- MSH - GH - Prolactin
32
melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates the melanocytes in the skin
MSH
33
stimulates bone and muscle growth, increases protein synthesis and fat metabolism
Growth Hormone
34
stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk
Prolactin
35
Effect of GH on childhood
Lack of GH: pituitary dwarfism Excess: Gigantism
36
Effect of GH on Adulthood
Acromegaly
37
Sits on thyroid cartilage of the larynx - butterfly-like appearance
Thyroid gland
38
from pituitary stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
TSH
39
What does TSH do?
- increase metabolic rate - stimulate all body cells - more glucose is utilized to form ATP
40
secreted by the follicular cells
T3 and T4
41
where is T3 and T4 stored
colloid
42
Hypothyroidism in adults-lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair
Myxedema
43
- Causes exophthalmic goiter-edema behind eyes causes bulging * Hyperactivity, arrythmias
Grave’s disease hyperthyroidism
44
The Parathyroid Glands
Parathormone
45
can result if parathyroids are removed or destroyed
Hypocalcemia
46
* Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of the immune system develop (thymosins) * Atrophies as one ages
Thymus
47
What does thymus produce?
Melatonin
48
structure of adrenal gland
Outer cortex Inner medulla
49
is under the control of ACTH
Cortex
50
is a neurosecretory structure
Medulla
51
– Long-term stress response – Produces 2 main groups of hormones
Adrenal cortex
52
2 main groups of hormones produced by Adrenal cortex
- Mineralocorticoids - Glucocorticoids
53
– Regulate salt and water balance – Aids in regulation of blood volume and pressure
Mineralocorticoids
54
– Under control of ACTH – Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism » Causes increase in blood glucose – Anti-inflammatory
Glucocorticoids
55
Malfuntions of Adrenal cortex
- Addison's disease - Cushing's syndrome
56
* ACTH accumulates and causing bronzing of the skin from stimulation of melanocytes * Without cortisol, there is no mobilization of glucose under stress
Addison's disease
57
most serious in addisons disease
Hyposecretion of aldosterone
58
elevated blood potassium
Hyperkalemia
59
- Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex - Excess cortisol is primary problem
Cushing's syndrome
60
Contains endocrine and exocrine cells
Pancreas
61
form most of the gland - secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Exocrine acinar cells
62
are contained in spherical bodies - pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans - about 1 million scattered among the exocrine cells
Endocrine cells
63
4 major cells of each islets
- Alpha cells - Beta cells - Delta cells - F cells
64
cells for glucagon
Alpha cells
65
Cells for insulin
Beta cells
66
Cells for somatostatin
Delta cells
67
growth-hormone inhibiting hormone
Somatostatin
68
cells for – pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
F cells
69
– Released after eating – Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells
Insulin
70
- Released before eating when glucose is low - Targets liver and adipose tissue - Increases blood glucose
Glucagon
71
* Insulin-resistant * Obesity- adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function * Insulin levels are often low, and cells may not have sufficient insulin receptors * Controlled by diet, exercise, medications
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
72
Long term complications of diabetes
- Blindness - Kidney disease - Cardiovascular disorders
73
- Small pine-cone shaped gland (or epiphysis cerebri) - part of the epithalamus
Pineal gland
74
Pineal gland, contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretory cells called
pinealocyte

BIO108-Gen Physio (Iv and Josh Collab) (6 decks)

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