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Physio II > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are acinar cells?

A

exocrine glands with pancreatic digestive enzymes

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2
Q

What do pancreatic beta cells produce?

A

insulin

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3
Q

What percentage of islet cells in the pancreas are beta cells?

A

60-80%

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4
Q

What do pancreatic alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon

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5
Q

What percentage of islet cells in the pancreas are alpha cells?

A

10-20%

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6
Q

What do delta cells in the pancreas produce?

A

somatostatin

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7
Q

What percentage of islet cells in the pancreas are delta cells?

A

3-5%

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8
Q

PP-cells (F cells) in the pancreas produce _________

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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9
Q

What percentage of islet cells in the pancreas are F cells?

A

3-5%

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10
Q

Epsilon cells in the pancreas produce ________ and account for _____% of cells

A

ghrelin (growth hormone releasing peptide); 1

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11
Q

Ghrelin is a growth hormone releasing peptide and also ______________

A

hunger stimulating peptide

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12
Q

Two things that can cause an increase in insulin production

A
  • increased plasma glucose

- GI hormones

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13
Q

T/F: Insulin is a protein-bound hormone

A

FALSE.

It is a water-soluble hormone and so doesn’t need to bind to a protein for blood transport

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14
Q

Insulin and the liver

A

Glucose Uptake

  • dec blood glucose
  • increase glycogen formation
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15
Q

Insulin and fat cells

A

Fat storage

-dec blood triglycerides, fatty acids

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16
Q

Insulin and muscles

A

Protein Synthesis

  • increased uptake of aa
  • inhibits protein degradation
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17
Q

Most important factor controlling insulin release?

A

blood glucose

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18
Q

Why would oral glucose produce larger insulin response than blood glucose?

A

elevates insulin to try to capture as much glucose from the meal as possible

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19
Q

T/F: Insulin is a negative feedback method

A

FALSE - it’s a positive feedback!

Higher blood glucose, more insulin released

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20
Q

___________ decrease insulin secretion via alpha-adrenergic receptors on beta cells

A

Catecholamines

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21
Q

Cholinergic input ________ insulin release

A

increases

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22
Q

What increases glucagon synthesis? (3)

A
  • catecholamines
  • glucocorticoids
  • aa
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23
Q

What decreases glucagon synthesis?(2)

A
  • high plasma glucose and insulin

- high plasma free fatty acids

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24
Q

Glucagon has a ___________ stimulatory effect on beta cells

A

direct

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25
Q

Most actions of glucagon are opposite those of ______

A

insulin

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26
Q

What things happen d/t glucagon in the liver that lead to a net increase in blood glucose? (3)

A
  • increased glycogenolysis
  • increased gluconeogenesis
  • inhibits FFA production from glucose
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27
Q

What happens in adipose tissue d/t glucagon?

A

leads to increased lipolysis

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28
Q

Parasympathetic NS stimulation will do what to glucagon and insulin?

A

Increase both of them

29
Q

Why would Parasym. NS stimulation cause increased glucagon?

A

allows for redistribution of energy storage

30
Q

The Sympathetic NS does what to glucagon and insulin?

A
  • INCREASES glucagon

- DECREASES insulin

31
Q

Why would the Sym. NS increase glucagon and decrease insulin?

A

Fight or Flight response

32
Q

Which is the only glucose transporter that’s insulin sensitive?

A

GLUT4

33
Q

Where is the body’s calcium?

A
  • 99% in bone
  • next largest % intracellular
  • smaller pool extracellular 0.5%
34
Q

What part of the body calcium is regulated?

A

the extracellular pool

35
Q

How is calcium regulated in the body?

A
  • absorption from gut
  • loss via kidney (2%)
  • general losses = gains
36
Q

What receptor helps in the regulation of calcium?

A

PPARgamma

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

37
Q

__________ handle the storage of calcium in bone

A

Osteoblasts

38
Q

____________ breakdown soluble calcium from bone and move to ECF

A

Osteoclasts

39
Q

Two Primary functions of Calcium

A
  • structural integrity of bones and teeth

- messenger or regulator ions

40
Q

Pathological effects of abnormal Ca2+

A
  • calcification of soft tissues
  • osteoporosis
  • reproductive disorders
41
Q

The __________ is the main organ of Ca2+ and phosphate metabolism

A

parathyroid

42
Q

Two main cell types of the parathyroid

A
  • chief cells

- oxyphil cells

43
Q

Function of chief cells of the parathyroid?

A
  • clear cytoplasm

- synthesize PTH

44
Q

Function of oxyphil cells of the parathyroid?

A

function unknown

45
Q

3 steps in the formation of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • pre pro-PTH
  • pro-PTH
  • PTH
46
Q

Parathyroid hormone is a _________ hormone

A

peptide

47
Q

What causes an increase in PTH?

A

decrease in serum calcium

48
Q

What does an increase in PTH lead to in regards to Ca2+ and phosphate?

A
  • increased plasma Ca2+

- decreased ECF phosphate

49
Q

The actions of __________ are countered by PTH

A

calcitonin

50
Q

Vit. D is activated by _______

A

PTH

51
Q

PTH _______ bone formation

A

inhibits

52
Q

What does PTH do to the kidneys?

A
  • increases absorption of Ca2+ at distal tubule

- decreases phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule = excretion of phosphate in urine

53
Q

PTH and the small intestine

A

increased absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate

54
Q

PTH leads to an ______ relationship between Ca2+ and Phosphorus

A

inverse

55
Q

Calcitonin has the _________ effect on Ca2+ as PTH, but the _______ effect on phosphate

A

opposite; same

56
Q

Effects of Calcitonin

A
  • decreased Ca2+ in ECF

- hypopshophatemia

57
Q

How does calcitonin decrease Ca2+ in the ECF?

A
  • moves Ca2+ to bone by blocking osteoclast activity
  • inhibits Ca2+ absorption by intestines
  • inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorpion of Ca2+
58
Q

Hypophoshatemia caused by calcitonin

A
  • moves phosphorus from ECF to bone

- inhibits phosphate reabsorption by renal tubules

59
Q

What is calcitriol? What’s it do?

A
  • bioactive form of Vit. D (1,25-Vit. D)

- increase Ca2+ and phosphorus in blood

60
Q

What secretes calcitriol?

A

kidneys

61
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

62
Q

Sites of Erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis

A
  • kidney

- liver (minor, no liver synthesis in dog!)

63
Q

What is the primary site of EPO synthesis? By what cells?

A

Kidney; in peritubular cells

64
Q

What type of feed back is in place for EPO synthesis?

A

classic negative feedback control

65
Q

________ is a stimulus for EPO synthesis and increases the number of EPO-synthesizing cells

A

Hypoxia

66
Q

What is the site of action of EPO?

A

red bone marrow

67
Q

Specific actions of EPO

A
  • increases differentiation of hemocytoblasts into reticulocytes (STEM CELL ACTIVATION)
  • increases synthesis of key proteins
68
Q

What key proteins have increased synthesis d/t EPO?

A
  • alpha and beta globins

- transferrin receptor

69
Q

Clinical significance of EPO?

A
  • renal failure/ anemia relationship

- EPO therapy = use of recombinant human EPO

Physio II (8 decks)

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