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Physio II > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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2
Q

GnIH

A

Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone

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3
Q

PIH

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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4
Q

Pulsatile release

A

hormones are released every few hours, not constantly

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5
Q

The attainment of puberty is controlled by ________ and ______

A

gene expression and repression

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6
Q

The castration of a male will result in ______ levels of LH/FSH

A

increased

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7
Q

Why does castration lead to increased LH/FSH levels in the male?

A

No negative feedback

  • no testosterone = no neg. feedback to hypothalamus
  • no inhibin = no neg. feedback to anterior pituitary
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8
Q

Castrated bull

A

steer

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9
Q

castrated horse

A

gelding

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10
Q

castrated sheep

A

wether

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11
Q

castrated pig

A

barrow

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12
Q

castrated goat

A

wether

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13
Q

When is the hypthalamo-hypophyseal-gondal axis established?

A

at puberty

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14
Q

There are two specialized centers of the hypothalamus that are related to sexual differentiation and imprinting of the brain.

A

tonic center

surge center

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15
Q

The female hypothalamus has both the ___ and _____ centers; while the male hypothalamus only has ______

A

tonic and surge; tonic

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16
Q

GnRH is synthesized as a _______ protein

A

precursor

92 aa

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17
Q

GnRH is cleaved to ______ and ______

A
  • GnRH

- GAP - 56 aa-assoc protein

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18
Q

GAP function?

A

inhibits prolactin secretion

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19
Q

Why can GnRH not be measured in the blood?

A

degraded by proteolysis a few minutes after its release

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20
Q

How do we know GnRH is released in a pulsatile manner?

A

B/c we can measure LH release, which is stimulated by GnRH release

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21
Q

If the pulses of GnRH are too frequent, how does this affect LH release?

A

decreases LH release d/t desensitization of GnRH receptors

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22
Q

Where is the GnRH pulse generator located?

A

arcuate nucleus of the mediobasal hypothalamus

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23
Q

What controls the frequency and amplitude of the GnRH pulse?

A

spontaneous activity of pulse generator

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24
Q

Stimulation of GnRH Secretion (3)

A
  • low levels of sex steroids (androgens and estrogens)
  • high levels of estrogens at certain threshold
  • catecholamines
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25
Q

High levels of estrogens at certain threshold stimulate GnRH secretion by acting on _____ centers

A

surge

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26
Q

Inhibition of GnRH Secretion (4)

A
  • Progesterone and Androgens (high levels)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and opioids
  • autocrine regulation of GnRH production
  • GnIH
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27
Q

In mammals, synthesis and secretion of GnIH is stimulated by _________

A

estradiol

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28
Q

Where is GnIH secreted?

A

neurons in hypothalamus and septal area

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29
Q

How does GnIH work in mammals? (2)

A

Release into:

  • hypthalamic region containing GnRH neurons to inhibit GnRH release directly
  • median eminence = from here it reaches pars distalis to inhibit gonadotropin release
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30
Q

Physiological Effects of GnRH (4)

A
  • stimulates synthesis and release of LH
  • stimulates synthesis and release of FSH
  • regulates turnover of its own receptors on gonadotrophs
  • GnRH present in the pre-optic region is involved in mating behavior
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31
Q

Clinical Stimulation of Reproductive Function using GnRH

A
  • synchronization of cattle

- initiation of ovulation

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32
Q

Clinical Inhibition of Reproductive Function using GnRH

A
  • fertility control in pets and wildlife

- polycystic ovarian disease

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33
Q

Hourly injection of GnRH stimulates production of gonadotropins which _______ reproductive process

A

stimulates

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34
Q

Frequent administration of GnRH (long term use) results in ________ of gonadotropin production

A

inhibition

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35
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) are __________

A

gonadotropins

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36
Q

T/F: The alpha subunit is identical in LH, FSH, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and human chorionic gonadotroping (hCG)

A

True

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37
Q

The _____ subunit of gonadotropins has specificity.

A

beta

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38
Q

Half-life of LH?

A

10 minutes

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39
Q

Physiological Effects of LH - Females (Direct Effects)

A
  • ovulation
  • theca cells = testosterone production
  • corpus lutem = develpment and progesterone production
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40
Q

Physiological Effects of LH - Females (Indirect Effects)

A
  • estrogen production

- maintenance of pregnancy -progesterone

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41
Q

Physiological Effects of LH - Males (Direct Effects)

A
  • Leydig cells

- Steroid hormone production

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42
Q

Physiological Effects of LH - Males (Indirect Effects)

A
  • spermatogenesis
  • male reproductive tract
  • accessory sex glands
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43
Q

________ is a protein of 46-50 aa in length that is synthesized in osteoblasts

A

Osteocalcin

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44
Q

Osteocalcin stimulates the production of _______, independent of LH pathway

A

testosterone

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45
Q

FSH production is under the control of _____

A

GnRH

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46
Q

What is the half-life of FSH?

A

40 hours

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47
Q

FSH is ______ glycosylated as compared to LH

A

heavily

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48
Q

In mares, FSH goes by this name

A

PMSG = pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

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49
Q

Physiological Effects of FSH - Females

A
  • follicle development, growth, and maturation
  • estradiol synthesis during follicular phase
  • superovulation
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50
Q

What is superovulation?

A

development of more than the usual number of mature follicles

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51
Q

Physiological Effects of FSH - Males

A
  • Sertoli cells = synthesis of 3 things
  • initiation/re-initiation of spermatogenesis
  • spermiation
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52
Q

What is synthesized by Sertoli cells that have been stimulated by FSH?

A
  • ABP = antigen binding protein
  • inhibin
  • estradiol
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53
Q

T/F: The feedback regulation of LH is less complex than FSH.

A

True

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54
Q

Half-life of prolactin

A

10 minutes

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55
Q

Effect of Prolactin is on an _______ organ - hence why it does not have a feedback response like other things.

A

EXOCRINE

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56
Q

Physiological Effects of Prolactin in Females

A
  • mammary gland development and milk production
  • non-lactational aspects = maintenance of CL in rodents, dogs, and skunks
  • social behavior
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57
Q

How does prolactin affect mammary gland development and milk production?

A
  • induces lobuloalveolar growth

- stimulates lactogenesis after parturition

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58
Q

Two other things prolactin works in relation with for mammary gland development and milk production?

A

insulin and cortisol

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59
Q

What is a non-lactational aspect of prolactin?

A

maintenance of CL in rodents, dogs, and skunks

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60
Q

What social behaviors are related to prolactin?

A
  • nest building

- retrieval of scattered offspring

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61
Q

Negative Regulation of Prolactin Secretion

A
  • dopamine

- GnRH Associated Protein (GAP)

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62
Q

Positive Regulation of Prolactin Secretion

A
  • PRH
  • TRH
  • GnRH
  • VIP
  • Estrogen
  • Spinal Reflex (stimulation of teats)
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63
Q

Physiological Effects of Oxytocin - Females (4)

A
  • stimulation of milk ejection (myoepithelial cells)
  • stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction
  • establishment of meternal behavior
  • induction of PGF2-alpha synthesis in uterus (species dependent effect)
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64
Q

Physiological Effects of Oxytocin - Male (2)

A
  • facilitation of sperm transport

- acts on myoid peritubular cells = for sperm transport in teh seminiferous tubules

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65
Q

Positive regulation of Oxytocin

A
  • tactile stimulation

- sex steroid hormones

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66
Q

How does Tactile Stimulation have a positive regulation on oxytocin?

A

stimulation of teat sends neurosignal to the hypothalamus to release oxytocin from post. pituitary

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67
Q

How do sex steroid hormones have a positive regulation on oxytocin?

A

At parturition - burst of oxytocin is triggered by decline in plasma progesterone levels, and cervical and vaginal stimulation by the fetus

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68
Q

What is the affect of acute stress on oxytocin?

A

stress triggers the release of catecholamines by adrenal glands. Catecholamines inhibit oxytocin release

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69
Q

Steroid hormones are ________ derivatives

A

cholesterol

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70
Q

How does cholesterol get in the body? (2)

A
  • synthesized by liver

- absorbed from the diet

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71
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A

mainly in gonads and adrenal glands

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72
Q

Cholesterol being made into pregnenolone by desmolase is the ___________

A

rate-limiting step

73
Q

T/F: Newly synthesized hormones are stored in the cells until they are needed

A

FALSE!!!!!!

Steroid hormones are rapidly secreted and not stored in the cells

74
Q

Steroid hormones have ________ solubility in aqueous solutions. Why?

A

limited; they are lipophilic

75
Q

At the target tissue, an ______ exists between bound and free steroid hormone.

A

equilibrium

76
Q

_______ converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

77
Q

_________ converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

5-alpha reductase

78
Q

How do human males have estradiol in their bodies?

A

d/t expression of aromatase in adipose tissue

79
Q

Number of carbons in testosterone?

A

19

80
Q

Number of carbons in estrogen?

A

18

81
Q

Number of carbons in progesterone?

A

21

82
Q

Environmental factors that can affect reproducion

A
  • Rainfall = food
  • Temperature = summer vs. winter
  • Photoperiod = long day vs. short day
83
Q

what are pheromones?

A

chemicals that allow communication among animals through the vomeronasal organ

84
Q

Maintenance of the CL in rodents, dogs, and skunks is d/t what?

A

Prolactin

85
Q

When does oogenesis occur?

A

In pre-natal stages (during fetal development)

86
Q

The ovaries of the newborn will only have primordial follicles. Follicles are arrested in the ___________ stage

A

dictytate

87
Q

What does dictyate mean?

A

a stage in the development of oocytes which are arrested at the same stage of meiotic prophase

88
Q

In the ______ phase of growth and differentiation, only oogenesis occurs.

A

prenatal

89
Q

Folliculogenesis occurs during the ________ phase

A

prepubertal

90
Q

Folliculogenesis and oogenesis both occur during the _________ phase

A

pubertal

91
Q

What initiates transition from primordial to primary follicles? (positive impact) (5)

A
  • kit ligand (KL)
  • leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
  • bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)
  • keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)
  • basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
92
Q

What inhibits the transition from primordial to primary follicles?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

93
Q

Do all follicles become Graafian follicles?

A

No

94
Q

What is generally the initiation for follicular atresia?

A

lack of support signal

95
Q

More than ________% of follicles and oocytes degenerate during germ cell development

A

60

96
Q

________ follicles constitute the higher proportion of follicles that undergo atresia

A

Antral

97
Q

__________ estrous cycles are required for a follicle to go from primordial to Graafian

A

10

98
Q

What are the 2 patterns of follicular development?

A
  • dominant, ovulatory-size follicles develop through the estrous cycle
  • dominant, ovulatory-size follicles develop only during follicular phase
99
Q

Which species have ovulatory-size follicles developing throughout the estrous cycle?

A
  • cattle
  • sheep
  • horse
100
Q

Which species have ovulatory-size follicles developing only during the foliicular phase?

A
  • primates
  • pigs
  • rats
101
Q

cAMP is transferred from the follicular granulosa cells to the ooctye. How does the levels of cAMP affect the oocyte maturation?

A
  • high levels of cAMP = inhibits oocyte maturation

- low levels of cAMP = stimulate oocyte maturation

102
Q

Does the 1st meiotic division split equally?

A

No - the 1st polar body that is released in this split has little cytoplasm

103
Q

In what stage is a secondary oocyte arrested until fertilization?

A

M II stage

104
Q

__________ production increases within the follicle in teh pre-ovulatory phase and is highest at the time of LH/FSH surge

A

estrogen

105
Q

Low levels of ______ have positive feedback on FSH and LH secretion in females

A

estrogen

106
Q

High levels of _____________ (at certain thresholds) has positive feedback on LH secretion (LH surge)

A

estradiol

107
Q

VERY high levels of estradiol have __________ feedback on FSH and LH secretion

A

negative

108
Q

____________ required for ovum maturation

A

estrogen

109
Q

In some species (cow and sheep), _____________ is luteolytic

A

estradiol

110
Q

____________ causes growth and development of oviducts for gamete transport

A

estrogen

111
Q

This substance can

  • increase cervical mucus secretion
  • increase oxytocin receptor numbers in the endometrium
  • increase prostaglandin synthesis at term
  • cause duct and stromal tissue growth and development in the mammary glands
A

ESTROGEN!

112
Q

4 characteristics of small luteal cells

A
  • have LH-receptors
  • are highly stimulated by LH
  • make little basal progesterone
  • have few receptors for PGF2-alpha
113
Q

4 characteristics of large luteal cells

A
  • NOT responsive to LH
  • produce progesterone spontaneously
  • have tonically active PKA (protein kinase A)
  • have more receptors for PGF2-alpha
114
Q

What hormone inhibits uterine contraction, causes development of mammary glands during pregnancy, and stimulates development of uterine secretory glands?

A

Progesterone

115
Q

This hormone prevents estrus

A

Progesterone

116
Q

Progesterone acts primarily at the hypothalamus and ____________ LH/FSH secretion

A

inhibits

117
Q

At the end of ____________, levels of progesterone __________, which has a positive feedback on FSH and LH.

A

diestrus; decrease

118
Q

Female site of gametogenesis

A

ovaries

119
Q

site of fertilization and cleavage?

A

oviducts

120
Q

site of fetus development

A

uterus

121
Q

How is the female internal reproductive tract suspended from the dorsolateral body wall?

A

broadligament

122
Q

How many parts are there to the broad ligament? What are they?

A

3

  • mesovarium = to the ovary
  • mesosalpinx = to the uterine tube
  • mesometrium = to the uterus
123
Q

What is a bipartite uterus?

A

the 2 uterine horns fuse together before opening into cervix

124
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus?

A

the 2 uterine horns openly separately into the cervix

125
Q

Perimetrium

A
  • outermost later

- continuous with ligament

126
Q

Myometrium

A

-outer longitudinal muscle layer
blood vessels
-inner circular layer

127
Q

Endometrium

A
  • simple epithelium consisting of simple columnar ciliated cells and secretory cells
  • simple tubular glands
128
Q

In cows and ewes, certain regions in the endometrium are highly vascular and lack glands. These areas have structures called ____________ that serve as attachment sites for ______________________.

A

caruncles; cotyledons of the embryo

129
Q

Where is semen deposited in mares?

A

in the uterus

130
Q

In most species, semen is deposited in the __________ or in the _________

A

anterior part of the vagina; cervix

131
Q

T/F: The vagina has true glands

A

FALSE

132
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the vagina?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

133
Q

__________ is provided by cervical mucus and vestibular glands

A

vaginal lubrication

134
Q

Vestibular glands in females are like ________ in males.

A

Cowper’s glands

135
Q

________________ is the common duct for reproductive and urinary systems

A

Vestibule

136
Q

Describe winking in mares

A

Closing and opening of lower part of vulva - a sign for stallion that mare is ready for mating

137
Q

Phases of the Estrous Cycle

A
  • Estrus
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
  • Proestrus
138
Q

What is the longest phase of the estrus cycle?

A

diestrus

139
Q

How many phases are in the estrous cycle for cats?

A

2 - estrus and interestrus

140
Q

Proestrus

A
  • begins with the regression of CL
  • decrease in progesterone production
  • extends to the start of next estrus phase
141
Q

During proestrus phase, the follicles rapidly grow. Growing follicles produce low levels of what hormone?

A

estrogen

142
Q

Estrogen released from the growing follicles promotes what? (4)

A
  • growth
  • vascularity
  • edema of the endometrium
  • cornification of vaginal epithelium
143
Q

The vascularity of the endometrium reaches its peak about _________ after the end of estrus

A

1 day

144
Q

_____________ induce cervical relaxation and dilation, as well as increase cervical mucus secretion

A

Estrogen

145
Q

What induces behavioral symptoms of the approaching estrus phase as the proestrus phase ends?

A

increased plasma estradiol levels

146
Q

When might a female animal have a silent estrus?

A
  • 1st ovulation during puberty
  • 1st post-partum ovulation
  • 1st ovulation after beginning of the breeding season
147
Q

When does ovulation occur in the cow?

A

10-12 hours after the end of estrus

148
Q

When does ovulation occur in the ewe?

A

mid-late estrus

149
Q

When does ovulation occur in the sow?

A

mid-estrus

150
Q

When does ovulation occur in the mare?

A

1-2 days before the end of estrus

151
Q

What species has the longest estrus phase?

A

mare

152
Q

Animals that ovulate at every estrus are called ____________

A

spontaneous ovulators

153
Q

Animals that ovulate only if mating occurs are called _____________

A

induced or reflex ovulators

154
Q

Examples of induced or reflex ovulators

A

cat, rabbit

155
Q

Most species have estrus phases that last several hours. Which species is it common for the estrus phase to last 4-8 days?

A

Horses

156
Q

In the _____ phase, the ruptured follicles are transformed into CL.

A

metestrus

157
Q

In the cow and doe, ovulation occurs during ____________

A

metestrus

158
Q

T/F: The dog DOES NOT have a metestrus phase

A

True

159
Q

Diestrus Phase (2)

A
  • fully functional CL

- increase in plasma progesterone levels

160
Q

In the pig, the CL also produces ______________

A

relaxin

161
Q

During the ________ phase, the uterus is prepared for implantation and pregnancy

A

diestrus

162
Q

If pregnancy does not ensure, the CL regress and stop synthesizing ______________

A

progesterone

163
Q

Hormone that stimulates growth and development of oviducts for gamete transport?

A

Progesterone

164
Q

stimulates proliferation and secretory activity of E. glands?

A

Progesterone

165
Q

Inhibits myometrial contractions?

A

Progesterone

166
Q

Decreases estrogen receptors in the uterus?

A

Progesterone

167
Q

Increaes cervical mucus consistency and maintains functional closure of the cervix?

A

Progesterone

168
Q

________________ inhibits estrogen-induced vaginal cornification

A

Progesterone

169
Q

Cycle only once in a year?

A

monoestrous

170
Q

Cycle throughout the year?

A

polyestrous

171
Q

Cycle only during breeding season?

A

seasonally polyestrous

172
Q

Termination of the CL by a luteolytic agent, ______, of uterine origin

A

PGF2-alpha

173
Q

MECHANISM of transport of PGF2-alpha from uterus to ovary

A

Ovarian artery is in close contact with uterine vein

PGF2-alpha diffuses from uterine vein to the ovarian artery

174
Q

Which species has systemic transport of PGF2-alpha?

A

the horse

175
Q

T/F: PGF2-alpha in not released in spikes during pregnancy

A

True

176
Q

MECHANISM of Action of PGF2-alpha on CL

A
  • causes dramatic decrease in blood flow (min)
  • increases additional oxytocin release (min)
  • causes decrease in progesterone production (h)
  • complete regression of CL in 1-2 days, leaving corpus albicans
177
Q

T/F: A persistent CL is defined as prolongation of the luteal phase beyond diestrus that lasts 1-5 months

A

True

178
Q

Reasons for Persistent CL

A
  1. failure of uterus to produce PGF2-alpha
  2. Two reasons in horses
    - inadequate production of PGF2-alpha by uterus
    - occurrence of diestrus ovulation around day 14 when PGF2-alpha is normally releasead
179
Q

Two reasons for persistent CL in horses

A
  • inadequate production of PGF2-alpha

- occurrence of diestrus ovulation around day 14 when PGF2-alpha is normally released

Physio II (8 decks)

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