endocrine

Question 1

Pars distalis

Answer 1

main part of the adenohypophysis

Question 2

Pars nervosa

Answer 2

the main part of the neurohypophysis

Question 3

Rathke’s Pouch

Answer 3

the evagination from the oral ectoderm that develops into the adenohypophysis

Question 4

The three anatomical sections of the posterior pituitary

Answer 4

median eminence, infundibulum, and pars nervosa

Question 5

the three components of the anterior pituitary

Answer 5

pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia

Question 6

3 main functions of the pituitary

Answer 6

regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Question 7

feedback inhibition

Answer 7

the dual role of hormones as both biologically active molecules and (usually) inhibitors of the initiator molecule

Question 8

interstitial cells of Leydig

Answer 8

an example of non-endocrine organ endocrine cells found in the testis (another example is islets if pancreas)

Question 9

which of the 3 families of hormones are quick-acting, but temorary

Answer 9

aa derivative family (tiny) and peptide hormone family

Question 10

which of the 3 families of hormones are slow-acting

Answer 10

steroids

Question 11

where do the axons of the neurohypophysis originate

Answer 11

in the hypothalamus (paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei)

Question 12

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Answer 12

the combined axons of the hypothalamus leading to the neurohypophysis

Question 13

the temporary storage sites of vasopressin and oxytocin near the axon terminals of the neurohypophysis

Answer 13

Herring Bodies

Question 14

the only nuclei of the neurohypophysis

Answer 14

pituicytes (25% of the volume)

Question 15

what is the function of pituicytes

Answer 15

glial-like support cells. processes retract when increased release of vasopressin, oxytocin to the capillary

Question 16

how is pituitary activity different in diabetes insipidus

Answer 16

decreased vasopressin leading to polydipsia, copious urine production

Question 17

are the main secretory cells of the anterior pituitary chromophobes or chromophils

Answer 17

chromophils

Question 18

primary plexus

Answer 18

the superior capillary bed of the adenohypophysis where axons terminate with HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES

Question 19

the 4 structures of the adenohypophysis vasculature

Answer 19

superior hypophyseal art, primary plexus, long portal veins, secondary plexus

Question 20

most abundant pars distalis cells

Answer 20

acidophils: SOMATOTROPHS and MAMMOTROPHS

Question 21

acidophils secrete…

Answer 21

prolactin and somatotropin (GH)

Question 22

basophil location

Answer 22

periphery of pars distalis

Question 23

corticotrophs

Answer 23

basophilic cells secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 24

thyrotrophs

Answer 24

basophilic cells secreting TSH (stimulates T3, T4 hormone secretion)

Question 25

gonadotrophs

Answer 25

basophilic cells secreting FSH and(LH) interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Question 26

what ARE chromophobes

Answer 26

stem cells or degranulated chromophils

Question 27

which cells of the pars distalis are identified as neither chromophobes nor as chromophils

Answer 27

fillicullostellate cells (FS) - long processes that make gap junctions with neighboring cells

Question 28

appearance of pars intermedia

Answer 28

cuboidal cell-lined colloid (Rathke's) cysts with basophilic cord cells

Question 29

what hormone is synthesized in the pars intermedia

Answer 29

proopiomelaninocortin, becomes melanin stimulating hormone

Question 30

cell types of the pars tuberalis

Answer 30

low columnar cord arrangement. basophilic types same as in the Pd.

Question 31

does the pars tuberalis lie mostly on the anterior or posterior side of the hypophyseal stalk

Answer 31

anterior

Question 32

T4

Answer 32

thyroxine - metabolism stimulant

Question 33

T3

Answer 33

triiodothyronine- metabolism stimulant

Question 34

why is thyroid a unique endocrine gland

Answer 34

is secretory substance is stored extracellularly

Question 35

the colloid made of both T3 and T4 filling the follicles of the thyroid

Answer 35

thyroglobulin (large glycoprotein)

Question 36

how is T3 and T4 processed for secretion

Answer 36

colloid is enveloped by the FOLLICULAR CELLS and cleaved to release into capillaries

Question 37

morphology of follicular/ pricipal cells of thyroid

Answer 37

tallest when active. can range from squamous to low columnar. form pseudopodia to envelop colloid.

Question 38

location of parafollicular cells

Answer 38

in clusters near the thyoid follicles within the epithelium but not reaching the lumen

Question 39

function of parafollicular cells

Answer 39

secrete calcitonin (inhibits osteoclasts) when serum levels of calcium are too high

Question 40

appearance of parafollicular cells

Answer 40

very few in the thyroid, but large. pale staining.

Question 41

encapsulated ovoid capsules of parenchymal cells posterior to the thyroid

Answer 41

parathyroid glands (4)

Question 42

PTH and its function

Answer 42

parathyroid hormone- regulates bone, kidney, and intestines to INCREASE calcium levels (opp. of calcitonin)

Question 43

principle cells of the parathyroid

Answer 43

CHIEF CELLS- secrete PTH

Question 44

non-secretory cells of the parathyroid

Answer 44

OXYPHIL CELLS - darker-staining, unknown function

Question 45

order of PTH activity

Answer 45

PTH->osteoblasts->osteoclast-stimulating factor-> increase in number and activity of osteoclasts

Question 46

adrenal meddula secretes..

Answer 46

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 47

adrenal cortex secretes...

Answer 47

corticosteroids

Question 48

mineralocorticoids do this

Answer 48

increase fluids and electrolytes (ex: aldosterone)

Question 49

mineralocorticoids are secreted/ stimulated by...

Answer 49

secreted by the ZONA GLOMERULOSA of adrenal cortex stimulated by ANGIOTENSIN II

Question 50

this layer of the cortex has abundant sER

Answer 50

ZONA GLOMERULOSA

Question 51

gluocorticoids do this...

Answer 51

control metabolism (ex: cortisol and corticosterone)

Question 52

glucoocorticoids are secreted/ stimulated by...

Answer 52

secreted by the ZONA FASCICULATA adrenal cortex stimulated by ACTH

Question 53

features of the the zona fasciculata

Answer 53

SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES, rich in lipids, cells are called SPONGIOCYTES

Question 54

these hormones are secreted from the zona reticularis

Answer 54

glucocorticoids and androgens

Question 55

appearance of the zona reticularis

Answer 55

dark-staining degenerating cells with few lipid droplets

Question 56

the layers of the adrenal gland from top to medulla

Answer 56

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 57

the two cell types of the adrenal medulla

Answer 57

chromaffin cells and sympathelic ganglion cells

Question 58

chatecholamines

Answer 58

norepinephrine and epinephrine secreted by the chromaffin cells

Question 59

adrenal medulla is innervated by the

Answer 59

hypothalamic spalanchnic nerves

Question 60

the two arteries arising from the subcapsular plexus of the adrenal gland

Answer 60

short cortical arteries (leading to the adrenocortical sinusoid) and long cortical arteries (unbranched until medulla)

Question 61

the pineal gland is made of these melatonin-secreting cells

Answer 61

pinealocytes

Question 62

what other non-secretory cells makes up the pineal gland

Answer 62

interstitial cells (astrocyte-like)

Question 63

what is the function of melatonin

Answer 63

eliminates free radicals during oxidative stress, induces sleep

Question 64

brain sand (corpora arenacea)

Answer 64

deposits of concentric calcium phosphate and carbonate rings that increase throughout life, shrinking during active pineal secretion

Question 65

functional structural unit of the thyroid

Answer 65

follicle