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Erwin Personal Flash Cards > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Most common cause of hyperpituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (Anterior Lobe)

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2
Q

Most frequent type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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3
Q

Second most common type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma

A

Somatotroph adenomas

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4
Q

Diagnosis of Somatotroph adenomas

A

Oral glucose loading

Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral glucose load for acromegaly

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5
Q

Corticroph adenoma developing in patients after surgical removal of adrenal glads for treatment of Cushing syndrome

A

Nelson Syndrome

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6
Q

Postpartum necrosis of anterior pituitary where there is sudden cessation of lactation due to loss of prolactin

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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7
Q

Sudden haemorrhage into the pituitary gland, often into a pituitary adenoma

A

Pituitary apoplexy

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8
Q

Triad of pituitary apoplexy

A

Headache
Diplopia
Hypopituitarism

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9
Q

A neurosurgical emergency presenting with headache diplopia and hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary apoplexy

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10
Q

Excessive urination due to an inability of the kidney to resorb water properly from the urine

A

Diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

Excessive urination due to lack of ADH

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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12
Q

Excessive urination due to ADH refractory collecting tubules

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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13
Q

Drugs that can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Lithium

Demeclocycline

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14
Q

Metastatic calcfication of the collecting tubule basemenent membrane that can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Nephrocalcinosis

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15
Q

Water deprivation test findings in CDI and NDI

A 
Increased POsm (hypernatremia)
decreased UOSM
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16
Q

Drugs used to treat CDI and NDI

A

CDI: Desmopressin
NDI: Thiazides or Indomethacin

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17
Q

ADH excess

Syndrome with excessive resorption of water resulting to hyponatremia

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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18
Q

Most common cause of SIADH

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome from Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs

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19
Q

Drug used to treat SIADH

A

Chlorpropamide

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20
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A

Water restriction

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21
Q

Most common cause of hypopituitarism in children

A

Craniopharyngioma

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22
Q

Pathway mutated in craniopharyngioma

A

WNT signaling pathway

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23
Q

Type of craniopharyngioma most often observed in children

A

Adamantinomatous

(+) wet keratin lamellae

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24
Q

Type of craniopharyngioma most often observed in adults

A

Papillary

(-) Keratin

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25
Nonspecific increase in thyroid hormones | Hypermetabolic state caused by elevated circulating levels of free T3 and T4
Thyrotoxicosis
26
Thyrotoxicosis caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland
Hyperparathyroidism
27
Hypothyroidism that develops in early childhood leading to severe mental retardation, short stature, and coarse facial features
Cretinism
28
Hypothyroidism developing in older children and adults
Myxedema (Gull disease)
29
Most common cause of hypothyroidsim
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
30
Autoantibodies implicated in Hashimoto thyroiditis
Anti-thyroglobulin | ant-TPO
31
Mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and well developed germinal centers with atrophic thyroid follicles lined by Hurthle Cells
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
32
Presence of Hurthle Cells
Hashimotos thyroiditis
33
Initial thyrotoxicosis in Hashimotos thyroiditis
Hashitoxicosis
34
Specific B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma in hashimoto thyroiditis
MALT lymphoma
35
Most common cause of painful thyroid gland
Sabacute Thyroiditis (Granulomatous thyroiditis, De Quervain thyroiditis, or giant cell thyroiditis)
36
Viral infection implicated in Subactue thyroiditis
Coxsackievirus (URTI that precedes thyroiditis)
37
Also known as painless thyroiditis
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
38
Lymphocytic infiltrations of the thyroid gland with hyperplastic germinal centers, no fibrosis. lacks Hurthle cell metaplasia
Lymphocytic thyroiditis
39
Fibrous tissue replacement of the thyroid gland
Reidel Thyroiditis
40
Diffuse thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia associated with infiltrative ophthalmopathy
Graves Disease
41
Enlargement of the entire gland without producing nodularity
Diffuse nontoxic goiter
42
Gioterogens
``` Cabbage Cauliflower Brussels Sprouts Turnips Cassava ```
43
Occurs in geographic areas with low levels of iodine
Endemic goiter
44
Phase of diffuse nontoxic goiter where the thyroid gland is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged
Hyperplastic phase
45
Phase of diffuse nontoxic goiter where the stimulated follicular epithilium involutes to form enlarged colloid-riuch gland (Colloid goiter)
Colloid involution phase
46
Produces the most extreme thyroid enlargement, often mistaken for neoplasm
Multinodular goiter
47
Thyroids are multilobulated and asymmetrically enlarged. there are No capsules between the hyperplastic nodule sandresidual compressed thyroid
Multinodular goiter
48
Complications of Multinodular goiter
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | Plummer Syndrome
49
Complication of Multinodular goiter where an autonomous nodule develops, producing hyperthyroidism
Plummer Syndrome
50
Multinodular goiter that grows behind sternum and clavicle
Plunging goiter
51
Discrete solitary mass derived from follicular epithelium
Thyroid adenoma aka Follicular adenoma
52
Distinguishes Follicular adenoma from Multinodular goiter
Well defined, intact capsule
53
Follicular adenoma with oxyphilia
Hurthle cell adenoma
54
Most common primary thyroid cancer in adults and children
Papillary thyroid cancer
55
Thyroid cancer associated with radiation exposure
Papillary thyroid cancer
56
Dystrophically calcified cancer cells with empty appearing nuclei found in Papillary thyroid cancer
Psammoma bodies (Orphan Annie Nuclei)
57
Papillary thyroid ca frequent mod of invasion
Lymphatic
58
Most common thyroid cancer presenting as a solitary cold nodule
Follicular thyroid carcinoma
59
Cell with abundant granular, eosiniphilic cytoplasm found in follicular thyroid carcinoma
Hurthle cell carcinoma
60
Follicular thyroid carcinoma frequent site of metastasis
Bone (Hematogenous route)
61
Undifferentiated tumor of the thyroid follicular epithelium with mortatlity rate approaching 100%
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
62
Epithelial marker found in Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Cytokeratin
63
Neuroendocrine neoplasm derived from parafollicular cells (C-cells)
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
64
Important for the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer
secretion of calcitonin
65
Autonomous spontaneous overproduction of PTH leading to hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
66
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenoma (85-95%)
67
Chief cell hyperplasia, with CLEAR-WATER CELL HYPERPLASIA
Primary hyperplasia
68
Complications of primary hyperparathyroidism in other organs
Osteitis fibrosa cystica Nephrolithiasis Nephrocalcinosis
69
The most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
70
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Previous thyroid surgery
71
electrolyte imbalance that can lead to hypoparathyroidism
Hypomagnesemia
72
Tapping along the facial nerver induces contractions of the muscles eyes and mouth
Chvostek Sign
73
Carpal spasms produced by occlusion of he circulation to the forearm
Trousseau sign
74
ECG change in hypoparathyroidism
Prolonged QT interval
75
Hypoparathyroidism due to an end-organ resistance to the actions of PTH
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
76
Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated circulating PTH
Psuedopseudohypoparathyroidism
77
DM with beta-cell distruction, insulitis
Type 1 DM
78
DM with progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance, amyloid deposition within islets
Type 2 DM
79
Nodular glumerulsclerois in DM nephropathy
Kimmelstiel-wilson nodules
80
Most common pancreatic endocrine neoplasm
Insulinoma
81
Whipple triad
Symptoms of hypoglycemia Low plasma glucose at time of sx Relief when glucose raised to normal
82
Pancreatic endocrine neoplasm. Tumor composed of giant islet cells and amyloid deposits
Insulinoma
83
Focal or diffuse hyperplasia of the islets
Nesidioblastosis
84
Used to differentiate factitious hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia
absence of C peptides
85
MAlignant islet cells that secrete gastrin producing hyperacidity
Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)
86
Presents with peptic ulcer unresponsive to therapy, diarrhea and seatorrhea
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
87
Most common site of endocrine neoplasms in the pancreas
Body & tail
88
Most common site of exocrine neoplasms in the pancreas
Head
89
Rare pancreatic endocrine neoplasm with mild DM and characteristic rash (Necrolytic migratory erythema)
Glucagonoma (a-cell tumor)
90
Caused by any condition that produces elevated glucocorticoid levels
Cushing syndrome
91
Morphology: Iatrogenic CS
Cortical atrophy
92
The most common manifestation of primary hyraldosteronism
Hypertension
93
The most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism 2nd- Adenoma
94
Eosinophilic laminated cytoplasmic inclusions found in hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone bodies
95
Most common adrenogenital syndrome
21-hydroxylase deficiency
96
Ambiguous genitalia in females, precocious puberty in males, and hypotension
21-hydroxylase deificiency
97
Disorder resulting from progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex.
Addison's disease Manifests when 90% adrenals destroyed
98
Most common cause of Addison's disease
Autoimmune destruction
99
Hyperpigmentation in Addison's is caused by
Elevated levels of POMC
100
Adrenal medulla neoplasm composed of chromaffin cells, which synthesize and release catecholamine.
Pheochromocytoma
101
Pheochromocytoma rule of 10s
10% ``` Extra-adrenal Bilateral Malignant Not associated with hypertensin Harbor a germline mutation ```
102
Neuroendocrine markers of Pheochromocytoma
Chromogranin | Synaptophysin
103
Components of MEN-1 Syndrome (Wermer Syndrome)
Parathyroid adenoma Pancreatic tumors Pituitary tumors(Prolactinoma
104
Components of MEN-2A Syndrome (Sipple Syndrome)
Pheochromocytoma Medullary carcinoma Parathyroid hyperplasia
105
Components of MEN-2B
Pheochromocytoma Medullary carcinoma Neuromas or gangliomas

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