MC type of thyroid CA
papillary carcinoma (60-70%)
MC cause of hypothyroid
Hashimoto’s
MC cause of hyperthyroid
Grave’s (60-90%)
Medullary thyroid carcinoma etio? most often UL or BL?
Sporadic (UL) or familial (BL)
With medullary carcinoma, ____ cells proliferate
parafollicular C cells
MC form of Diabetes
2nd MC? 3rd MC?
Type 2 (85-95%) Type 1 (5-10%) Type 1.5 (5%)
Insulin is secreted by ___ cells
beta
Glucagon is secreted by ___ cells
alpha
What is the pathology of Type 1 diabetes?
AI reaction to islet cells and insulin, most are directed against GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)
Name for insulin-secreting tumors. Pancreatic tumor derived from beta cells
insulinoma
Zollinger-Ellison triad
non-beta islet cell tumors of pancreas (gastrinomas)
hypergastrinemia
severe ulcer dz
Gastrinoma MC in what organs
duodenum (50-70%)
pancreas (20-40%)
Gastrinomas secrete
gastrin –> incr HCL
Which MEN syndrome assoc with Zollinger Ellison
MEN 1
Silent and hormone negative adenomas are more likely to be _____ (micro/macro)adenomas
macroadenomas
Gross appearance of typical pituitary adenoma
soft well-circumscribed lesion that may be confined to sella tursica
Pituitary adenomas that expand into suprasellar region often compress what structure?
optic chiasm
Histo of pituitary adenoma?
Uniform, small polygonal or round cells arranged in sheets or cords. Sparse reticulin. Sparse mitotic activity.
Histo: What has marked hypercellularity?
Plummer’s dz
Autoantibodies in Graves
LATS-Ab
Autoantibodies in Hashimotos
Anti-TPO, Anti-thyroglobulin
Histo: What has columnar hyperplastic epithelium, prominent infoldings
Grave’s
Histo: What has mitoses, dk staining, and is undifferentiated?
Anaplastic thyroid CA
PTH secreted by ____ cells _____ (incr/decr) calcium
Calcitonin secreted by ____ cells _____ (incr/decr) calcium
Chief, increase
Parafollicular C cells, decrease
MC cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
MC cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
renal failure
MC cause of primary Addison’s dz.
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
Waterhouse-Frederickson syndrome is assoc with what condition?
What infection?
secondary Addison’s dz (hemorrhage into adrenal glands)
N meningitidis
Primary or Secondary Addison's Dz? A) hyperpigmentation B) low ACTH C) high ACTH D) no hyperpigmentation
A) primary
B) secondary
C) primary
D) secondary
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with what enzyme deficiency?
21-Hydroxylase deficiency (95% of cases)
What cells are associated with pheochromocytoma
chromaffin cells (within adrenal medulla)
Primary hyperaldosteronism is also called ____ and is usu dt adrenal adenoma
Conn’s syndrome
MC cause of Cushing’s syndrome
long term use of glucocorticoids (exogenous)
Cushing’s syndrome or disease?
A) pituitary tumors cause
B) adrenal adenomas cause
C) ectopic tumors cause
A) disease
B) syndrome
C) syndrome
DM 1, 2, or 1.5? A) test positive for Islet cell Ab B) lymphocytic infiltration C) insulin resistance and B cell dysfunction D) pink hyalinization and amyloid
A) 1 and 1.5
B) 1
C) 2
D) 2
What is the differentiation in size between a micro and a macroadenoma? Which is MC?
Micro 10 mm
Histo: What has irregularly enlarged and flattened epithelium
nontoxic multinodular goiter
Histo: What has granuloma, multinucleated giant cells?
DeQuervain’s thyroiditis
Histo: What has lymphocytic infiltration, Hurthle cells?
Hashimotos
Histo: What has amyloid stroma?
medullary carcinoma
Histo: What is encapsulated, well-differentiated, has follicles containing colloid, has greater size variability?
follicular adenoma
Histo: What has fronds, psamomma bodies?
papillary carcinoma
