Endocrine

Question 1

MC type of thyroid CA

Answer 1

papillary carcinoma (60-70%)

Question 2

MC cause of hypothyroid

Answer 2

Hashimoto’s

Question 3

MC cause of hyperthyroid

Answer 3

Grave’s (60-90%)

Question 4

Medullary thyroid carcinoma etio? most often UL or BL?

Answer 4

Sporadic (UL)
or familial (BL)

Question 5

With medullary carcinoma, ____ cells proliferate

Answer 5

parafollicular C cells

Question 6

MC form of Diabetes

2nd MC? 3rd MC?

Answer 6

Type 2 (85-95%)
Type 1 (5-10%)
Type 1.5 (5%)

Question 7

Insulin is secreted by ___ cells

Answer 7

beta

Question 8

Glucagon is secreted by ___ cells

Answer 8

alpha

Question 9

What is the pathology of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 9

AI reaction to islet cells and insulin, most are directed against GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

Question 10

Name for insulin-secreting tumors. Pancreatic tumor derived from beta cells

Answer 10

insulinoma

Question 11

Zollinger-Ellison triad

Answer 11

non-beta islet cell tumors of pancreas (gastrinomas)
hypergastrinemia
severe ulcer dz

Question 12

Gastrinoma MC in what organs

Answer 12

duodenum (50-70%)

pancreas (20-40%)

Question 13

Gastrinomas secrete

Answer 13

gastrin –> incr HCL

Question 14

Which MEN syndrome assoc with Zollinger Ellison

Answer 14

MEN 1

Question 15

Silent and hormone negative adenomas are more likely to be _____ (micro/macro)adenomas

Answer 15

macroadenomas

Question 16

Gross appearance of typical pituitary adenoma

Answer 16

soft well-circumscribed lesion that may be confined to sella tursica

Question 17

Pituitary adenomas that expand into suprasellar region often compress what structure?

Answer 17

optic chiasm

Question 18

Histo of pituitary adenoma?

Answer 18

Uniform, small polygonal or round cells arranged in sheets or cords. Sparse reticulin. Sparse mitotic activity.

Question 19

Histo: What has marked hypercellularity?

Answer 19

Plummer’s dz

Question 20

Autoantibodies in Graves

Answer 20

LATS-Ab

Question 21

Autoantibodies in Hashimotos

Answer 21

Anti-TPO, Anti-thyroglobulin

Question 22

Histo: What has columnar hyperplastic epithelium, prominent infoldings

Answer 22

Grave’s

Question 23

Histo: What has mitoses, dk staining, and is undifferentiated?

Answer 23

Anaplastic thyroid CA

Question 24

PTH secreted by ____ cells _____ (incr/decr) calcium

Calcitonin secreted by ____ cells _____ (incr/decr) calcium

Answer 24

Chief, increase

Parafollicular C cells, decrease

Question 25

MC cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 25

parathyroid adenoma

Question 26

MC cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 26

renal failure

Question 27

MC cause of primary Addison's dz.

Answer 27

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

Question 28

Waterhouse-Frederickson syndrome is assoc with what condition? What infection?

Answer 28

secondary Addison's dz (hemorrhage into adrenal glands) | N meningitidis

Question 29

``` Primary or Secondary Addison's Dz? A) hyperpigmentation B) low ACTH C) high ACTH D) no hyperpigmentation ```

Answer 29

A) primary B) secondary C) primary D) secondary

Question 30

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with what enzyme deficiency?

Answer 30

21-Hydroxylase deficiency (95% of cases)

Question 31

What cells are associated with pheochromocytoma

Answer 31

chromaffin cells (within adrenal medulla)

Question 32

Primary hyperaldosteronism is also called ____ and is usu dt adrenal adenoma

Answer 32

Conn's syndrome

Question 33

MC cause of Cushing's syndrome

Answer 33

long term use of glucocorticoids (exogenous)

Question 34

Cushing's syndrome or disease? A) pituitary tumors cause B) adrenal adenomas cause C) ectopic tumors cause

Answer 34

A) disease B) syndrome C) syndrome

Question 35

``` DM 1, 2, or 1.5? A) test positive for Islet cell Ab B) lymphocytic infiltration C) insulin resistance and B cell dysfunction D) pink hyalinization and amyloid ```

Answer 35

A) 1 and 1.5 B) 1 C) 2 D) 2

Question 36

What is the differentiation in size between a micro and a macroadenoma? Which is MC?

Answer 36

Micro 10 mm

Question 37

Histo: What has irregularly enlarged and flattened epithelium

Answer 37

nontoxic multinodular goiter

Question 38

Histo: What has granuloma, multinucleated giant cells?

Answer 38

DeQuervain's thyroiditis

Question 39

Histo: What has lymphocytic infiltration, Hurthle cells?

Answer 39

Hashimotos

Question 40

Histo: What has amyloid stroma?

Answer 40

medullary carcinoma

Question 41

Histo: What is encapsulated, well-differentiated, has follicles containing colloid, has greater size variability?

Answer 41

follicular adenoma

Question 42

Histo: What has fronds, psamomma bodies?

Answer 42

papillary carcinoma