Endocrine Flashcards
(29 cards)
Parathyroid gland oxyphil cells
Appear after puberty
Hypoparathyroidism symptoms
Tingling in hands, muscle cramps, depression, paranoid, convulsions, psychosis
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia and ELEVATED, cAMP response to PTH is impaired
Primary hyper parathyroidism
Excessive secretion of PTH
Hypercalcemia, elevated PTH, low phosphorus
Non toxic goiter
Ability to produce thyroid hormone is impaired, TSH secretion is increased, usually iodine deficiency
Diffuse vs. multi nodular non toxic goiter
Diffuse- diffusely enlarged, adolescents and pregnancy
Multi nodular- chronic, irregular nodules, large amount of colloid, people over 50
Cretinism hypothyroidism
Usually thyroid dysgenesis, usually infants
Graves hyperthyroidism
IgG antibodies to bind to TSH receptor, anti TSH receptor antibodies stimulate thyroid hormone synthesis
Bulding eyes, highly vascular, dark and red, muscle wasting, etc.
Toxic multi nodular goiter hyperthyroidism
Women over 50, accumulation of iodine in one or two nodules
Hashimoto thyroiditis
T cells stimulate antibody production, induce cell death from CD8 T cells. Leads to hypothyroidism, circulation antibodies and elevated TSH
Papillary thyroid cancer
20-50 ages, mostly females, dense fibrosis, nuclear atypism, pale and firm on exam, typically invades cervical lymph nodes
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Failure of duct to involute completely, cystic fluid filled remnant, common in children, surgery to remove
Dowager’s hump
Indicated the presence of multiple vertebral fractures and decreased bone volume in the elderly, may be a sign of osteoporosis
Primary osteoporosis lab tests
Serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH are normal , alk phos would be elevated in a fracture, vitamin D deficiency is common
Bone densitometry scores
> -1 is normal
Between -1 and -2.5 is osteopenia
Rickets/osteomalacia
Epiphyses of the bone are open, inadequate mineralization of the newly formed bone matrix
**vitamin D deficiency important in this disease process
Bowed legs, milk-looser zones, low calcium and phosphate with high alk. Phos lab, aches and pains, fractures
Acidophilic cells
Lactotropes and somatotropes
Sheehan syndrome
Ischemic necrosis of the gland, often from hypotension due to post partum hemorrhage
Clinical cause of panhypopituitarism
Hemochromatosis
Iron deposits in the pituitary, destroying the gland
Clinical cause of panhypopituitarism
Macroadenoma effects
Impingement of optic chiasm, invasion of cavernous sinuses (palsies), invasion of hypothalamus (temp regulation, hyperphagia)
Lactotrope adenoma
Hyperprolactemia, chromophobic, psammoma bodies and endocrine amyloid deposition
Somatotrope adenoma
Excess secretion of growth hormone, gigantism or acromegaly
Acidophilic with abundant secretory granules- slow growing
Chromophobic with sparse granules- fast growing and invasive
Corticotrope adenoma
Excess ACTH, Cushing syndrome, typically microadenoma
Basophilic
If chromophobic, more aggressive
Cushing syndrome
Moon facies, abdominal striae, central obesity.
Found in corticotrope adenoma
