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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

A ductless gland whose secretion is released directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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2
Q

What are the glands making up the endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, pineal

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3
Q

Other organs contain cells that secrete hormones but are part of other bodily systems, what are they?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thymus
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • kidneys
  • stomach
  • liver
  • small intestine
  • skin
  • heart
  • adipose tissue
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4
Q

A gland who’s secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity; hence the label, ducted glands

A

Exocrine glands

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5
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • sudiferous glands
  • mammary glands

Usually drain onto the surface of the body

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6
Q

Substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where they affect chemical actions or the secretion of other hormones. Chemical messengers

A

Hormones

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7
Q

__________ is controlled by the nervous system though nerve impulses.

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

Nerve impulses and homeostasis

A

Impulses cause muscles to contract and glands to secrete. The secretions, usually hormones, affect virtually all systems of the body.

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9
Q

What virtually maintains homeostasis?

A

Hormones

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10
Q

The body’s natural method of maintaining its internal environment within certain a physiological limits

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Hormones affect only specific cells called __________

A

Target cells

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12
Q

Hormones circulate freely or _____?

A

Travel bound to special carrier proteins

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13
Q

Target cells have ______ within their cell membranes that bind (or recognize) a given hormone

A

Receptors

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14
Q

Hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach distant target cells are called _____________.

A

Circulating hormones

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15
Q

How long do circulating hormones usually remain in the blood?

A

Few minutes to a few hours

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16
Q

How are the circulating hormones eventually inactivated?

A

By the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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17
Q

What happens in patients with kidney or liver failure?

A

They have excess hormone build up

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18
Q

Hormones that do not enter the bloodstream to reach target cells are called _________

A

Local hormones

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19
Q

Local hormones acting on neighboring cells. Ex. Histamine

A

Paracrine

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20
Q

Local hormones acting on the same cell that secreted it

A

Autocrine

Ex. Interleukin-2

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21
Q

How are local hormones inactivated?

A

Quickly by enzymes in the interstitial fluid which surrounds cells

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22
Q

The effect of one hormone on a target cell requires previous or simultaneous exposure to another hormone(s) to enhance the target cell response or increase activity of another hormone.

A

Permissive effect

In order for one hormone to work, another hormone had to be there before the first one or there at the same time

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23
Q

The sum effects of two or more hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than of each hormone acting alone

A

Synergistic effect

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24
Q

The effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone

A

Antagonistic effect

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25
The synthesis and release of most hormones are through a _______________
Negative feedback system
26
A _________________ is a corrective mechanism (maintaining homeostasis) that opposes a variation from normal limits thus minimizing change.
Negative feedback system
27
What stimulates or inhibits hormonal secretions: humoral stimuli
Changing levels of ions and nutrients in the bloodstream
28
What inhibits or stimulates hormonal secretions: hormonal stimuli
The release of other hormones
29
What stimulates or inhibits hormonal secretions: neural stimuli
Signals from the nervous system
30
What is the master endocrine gland?
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
31
How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
7
32
________ is the major link bringing together the nervous and endocrine systems.
Hypothalamus
33
What hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize?
Oxytocin Antidieuretic hormone Regulatory hormones
34
Together the __________ and ____________ regulate practically all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Pituitary gland | Hypothalamus
35
Location of the hypothalamus ****
Inferior to the two lobes of the thalamus
36
Location of the pituitary gland ****
About 1/2" circular gland sitting in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, Has a short stalk called the infundibulum which attaches the pituitary to the superiorly located hypothalamus
37
What connects the pituitary gland to the superior located hypothalamus?
Infundibulum
38
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
39
What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called
The adenohypophysis
40
What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland called
The neurohypophysis
41
The synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior lobe is stimulated by ________________
Releasing hormones (RH) from the hypothalamus
42
The synthesis and release of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is suppressed by ___________
Inhibiting hormones (IH) from the hypothalamus
43
What are the 5 principle cell types of the anterior lobe?
- Somatotrophs - thyrothophs - gonadotrophs - lactotrophs - corticotrophs
44
How many hormones does the 5 principle cell types of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?
7
45
What do somatotrophs produce and what does that hormone do?
Human growth hormone. Stimulates general body growth and regulates aspects of metabolism
46
What do thyrotrophs secrete and what does that hormone do?
Thyroid stimulating hormone. Controls secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland
47
What hormones do the gonadotrophs secrete and what do those hormones do?
- follicle stimulating hormone - leutinizing hormone Together LH and FSH stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone, and maturation of oocytes in the ovaries and secretion of testosterone and production of sperm in the testes
48
What hormones do lactotrophs produce and what does that hormone do?
Prolactin which initiates milk production
49
What hormones do corticotrophs secrete and what do they do?
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - they stimulate the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids. -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) which affects skin pigment
50
What do glucocorticoids do?
Inhibit functions of some WBC. Antiinflammatory, used in creams for rashes
51
What dictates the secretion of all of the hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)?
Hypothalamus
52
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?
It does not synthesize hormones, it stores and releases 1 hormones made by the hypothalamus
53
What two hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland store and secrete?
Oxytocin (OT) and antidieureitc hormone (ADH)
54
What are oxytocin and antidiuretic synthesized by?
The neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
55
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates contraction of the uterus and release of milk
56
What does ADH do?
Decrease water loss by the kidneys and stimulates arteriole constriction
57
A butterfly shaped gland weighing about one ounce
Thyroid gland
58
What are the right and left lobes of the thyroid joined together by?
Isthmus
59
Location of the thyroid gland
Right and left lobes lie one either side of the trachea. The isthmus lies anterior to the trachea
60
The thyroid gland consists of _________
Thyroid follicles
61
The wall of each thyroid follicle consists of these two types of cells
- follicular cells | - parafollicular cells (C cells)
62
What do the follicular cells of the thyroid follicles do?
Secrete T3 and T4, which are THE thyroid hormones
63
What do the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid follicles do?
Produce calcitonin
64
The thyroids storage of its secretory products
Stores them in large quantities; enough to last 100 days
65
What is the primary important of the T3 and T4 hormones?
Increase in BMR which is important in maintaining a normal body temperature
66
What are some other functions of T3 and T4
- Increase triglyceride breakdown and enhance cholesterol elimination in the bile, thus reducing blood cholesterol levels - increase nervous tissue growth - regulates (lowers) calcium ions in the blood
67
Two pairs of very small, coal shaped glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. A superior gland and an inferior gland are on each thyroid gland lobe
Parathyroid gland
68
Wha are the two types of cells that the parathyroid glands consist of?
- principal/chief cells | - oxyphil cells
69
Principal/chief cells
From the parathyroid gland | -produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which raises the calcium levels in blood
70
Oxyphil cells
In the parathyroid glands | -function not known
71
Location of the adrenal glands (suprarenal)
Paired; one i located on the superior pole of each kidney
72
What is each adrenal gland made up of?
Capsule of connective tissue, then the adrenal cortex, and the innermost adrenal medulla
73
Functions of the adrenal glands
The cortex and medulla secrete different hormones
74
What are the 3 different zones of the adrenal cortex
- zone glomerulosa - zone fasciculata - zone reticularis
75
What do the cells of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex do?
Control water and electrolyte balance
76
What do the cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex do?
Cells increase fat and protein breakdown, synthesize glucose, provide resistance to stress, act as anti inflammatory hormones, amd in high doses, depress the immune response
77
What do the cells of the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex do?
Produce male sex hormone in small amounts, the effect is insignificant
78
The adrenal medulla consists of the __________ which secrete hormones responsible for the fight or flight response
Chromaffin cells
79
What are the fight or flight hormones?
Epinephrine/ adrenaline, and norepinephrine/noradrenaline Also called catecholamines
80
Location of the pineal gland
Inferior to the posterior portion of the brains corpus callosum.
81
What are pinealocytes
Secretory cells of the pineal gland that form melatonin
82
An antioxidant protecting the CNS from free radical damage. Also, maintains circadian rhythms
Melatonin
83
Location of the pancreas
Stretches across the posterior abdominal wall from duodenum to the spleen, posterior to the stomach
84
Parts of the pancreas
Head, neck, body, tail
85
Exocrine function of the pancreas
Produce digestive enzymes
86
Endocrine function of the pancreas
Produce hormones to raise and lower blood glucose levels
87
What kind of gland is hte pancreas
Exocrine and endocrine
88
The ________ portion makes up 99% of the pancreatic cells
Exocrine
89
Clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes which flow into the gastrointestinal tract through a network of ducts
Acini
90
Scattered among the exocrine acini are 1-2 million clusters of endocrine tissue called ______________
Islets of Langerhans
91
What are the 4 cells types of the islet of Langerhans?
- alpha cells (A) - beta cells (B) - delta cells (D) - F-cells
92
What do the alpha cells of the islet of langerhans do?
Produce the hormones glucagon which erases blood glucose levels 20%
93
What do the beta cells of the islets of langerhans do?
Produce the hormones insulin which lowers blood glucose levels 70%
94
What do the D cells of the islet of langerhans do?
Inhibit HGH | 5%
95
What do the F cells of the islets of langerhans do?
Inhibit gall bladder contraction | 5%
96
The level of blood glucose controls glucagon and insulin via __________
Negative feedback system
97
Paired solid glands resembling unshelled almonds in size and shape
Ovaries
98
Location of ovaries
One on each side of the uterus
99
Function of ovaries
- produce the ovum | - produce estrogen and progesterone
100
Regulates development and maintainence of female sex organs and secondary characteristics
Estrogen
101
Prepares uterus for pregnancy
Progesterone
102
What is the ovary homologous to?
Testes
103
Where are the testes located?
Scrotum/scrotal sac
104
Septa from a dense fibrous capsule divide each testi into a series of internal compartment called _____
Lobules
105
Each of he 200-300 lobules of the teste contains 1-4 tightly coiled tubules called ___________
Seminiferous tubules
106
What is the site of sperm production?
Seminiferous tubules
107
What hormone do the testes produce?
Testosterone
108
Function of testosterone
- normal growth, development, and function of the male reproductive organs - necessary for the development and maintainence of secondary sex characteristics

Antomy BLOCK 4 (11 decks)

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