Endocrine

Question 1

Typical T4 replacement dose

Answer 1

1.6 mcg/kg

Question 2

Clinical Presentation of Hypothyroidism

Answer 2

Extreme fatigue, Weight gain, depression, cold intolerance, dry skin/loss of hair, constipation, irregular, heavy menses, decreased concentration, forgetfulness, bradycardia, hypothermia, hoarseness, hyperlipidemia.

Question 3

Hypothyroidism Lab Values

Answer 3

High TSH typically 5-10 mIU/ml. Treat > 5 w/symptoms and > 10 w/o sx.

Low TT4 (normal 5-12 mcg/dl)
Low free thyroxine (FT4) (normal 0.7-1.9)
Low TT3 (normal 80-180 ng/dl)
Thyroid antibodies present in Hashimoto dz
Low RAI uptake (RAIU)

Question 4

True or False…All adults 18 y/o and older should be screened for thyroid disease every 5 years.

Answer 4

False. The US Preventative Services Task force found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for thyroid disease in adults.

However the American Thyroid Association does recommend everyone older than 35 y/o be screened with a TSH test every 5 years.

Question 5

Levothyroxine Treatment

Answer 5

Typically begins with TSH greater than 5 mIU/L

stable, pure, predictable potency
serum T3 is controlled physiologically
long half life, allows daily dosing
DOC American Thyroid Association/American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.

Take on empty stomach but some studies show bedtime versus morning with improved levels.

Titrate dose to normalization of TSH , check TSH 6-8 weeks after each dose change then every 3-6 months during first year of diagnosis, and annually thereafter.

Question 6

Thyroid Dz and Pregnant Women

Answer 6

Pregnant Women- treat even mildly elevated TSH
Increase T4 replacement by 30% with first detection of pregnancy
Monitor TSH monthly and adjust dose accordingly
Typically wil need a 40-50% increase in T4 dose.

Some evidence that T4 is a better marker in pregnancy vs TSH.

Question 7

Cardiac Disease and Thyroid Treatment

Answer 7

Start low 12.5 mcg and go slow in 12.5 mcg increments every 6-8 weeks.

Question 8

Drug Interactions with Levothyroxine

Answer 8

1. Decrease in T4 absorption , take T4 2 hours before or 4 hours after. Cholestyramine, Calcium, Ferrous sulfate, sucralfate, aluminium hydroxide.
2. Increase in T4 metabolism. Rifampin, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Sertraline
3. Pharmacodynamic interactions. Warfarin, Digoxin.

Question 9

Hyperthyroidism Causes/Clinical Presentation

Answer 9

Causes: Toxic diffuse goiter (graves dz), toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter, subactute thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, iodine-induced, excessive ingestion of thyroid hormone, drugs (amiodarone), tumor

Clinical Presentation: 
Heat intolerance or increased sweating. 
Tremor
Palpitations and tachycardia
Nervousness and irritability
Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
less frequent, shorter, lighter menses
fatigue and muscle weakness
thyroid enlargement
weight loss despite and increased appetite
Exopthalmos and/or pretibial myxedema (in graves dz only)
insomnia
Elderly may have minimal s/s.

Question 10

Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 10

PE: Increase HR, Thyroid palpation, eye exam, dermatologic exam

Labs: 
Low TSH (in primary dz, could be high in secondary dz but rare)
High TT4
High FT4
High TT3
Thyroid antibodies
High RAIU
Thyroid scan

Question 11

Treatment for HTR- Radioactive iodine

Answer 11

Most common tx of HTR in US
C/I in pregnancy and breastfeeding
Very high risk of subsequent HoTR

Question 12

Treatment for HTR- Surgery

Answer 12

TOC for thyroid cancer, respiratory, or swallowing difficulties
find an experienced surgeon
hypothyroidism

Question 13

Treatment for HTR- Thioamides

Answer 13

Medications are noninvasive, minimal risk of HoTR but potential for ADRS and need long term adherence.

MOA: inhibits organification and coupling; PTU also inhibits the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
DELAYED EFFECT (weeks)

PTU: 300-600 mg/day in 2 or 3 doses, preferred in 1st trimeter of pregnancy, lactation and thyroid storm.

Methimazole (Tapazole): 30-60 mg/day in 1 or 2 doses, longer half-life, better adherence, LESS HEPATOTOXICITY, recommended thiamide unless first trimester of pregnancy.

Often used before RAI therapy, may use for 18-24 months in Graves Dz.

ADRs Rash, fever, arthralgias, severe agranulocytosis, hepatitis.

Need to get CBC on patients before they start therapy.

Question 14

Treatment for HTR- Iodides

Answer 14

MOA: block thyroid hormone release, inhibit organification, inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Decrease gland size/vascularity, Rapid onset (days)

Dose:
Saturated solution of potassium iodine (38 mg/drop): 1-5 drops in juice 3/day.
Lugol’s solution (6 mg/drop): 3-5 drops in juice 3times/day
Radiographic iodinated contrast agents (1 gram daily)

Most often used in graves dz patients before surgery and in thyroid storm.

ADRs:
Allergic reactions, dose-related toxicity, metallic taste, “escape” phenomenon.

CI:
Pregnancy
Before RAI therapy
Patients with nodular goiter or adenomas.

Question 15

Treatment for HTR- Beta Blockers

Answer 15

MOA: selective inhibitor of B1 adrenergic receptors (manages sympathetic-mediated hyperthyroid symptoms)
Inhibit T4 conversion (propranolol, nadolol)
Quick onset, (hours)

Propranolol 120-160 mg/day in 3-4 divided doses
Nadolol 80mg/day in 1 or 2 doses.
Used until more specific thyroid therapy can take effect.

ADRS
Hypotensio/Bradycardia/Fatigue.

Question 16

PCOS Causes/Clinical Presentation/DX

Answer 16

Excess androgen production in the ovaries..leads to insulin resistance. Excess insulin also decreases hepatic synthesis of sex hormone- binding globulrin (SHBG) which normally binds free T, resulting in increased hirsutism.

CP:
Chronic anovulation
Hirsutism
Acne
Male pattern hair loss
Hyperandrogenemia
Insulin Resistance Acanthosis nigricans, overwieght/obese IGT, nonalcoholic steatohepatitius, abdominal obestiy. 

Dx: Two of the following
Oligovulation or anovulation, elevated circulating androgens, Polycystic ovaries 12 or more 2-9mm diameter follicles in each ovary or increase ovariam volume

Question 17

PCOS Treatment

Answer 17

Weight reduction (5-7% ) has shown improvement in androgen levels
Exercise decreases insulin resistance. 

Infertility: Weight loss, clomiphene, metformin

Hyperandrogenism/hirsutisim: OCs

Other:
Sprionolactone,

Elfornithine (Vaniquia) reduces hair growth

Flutamide (potent nonsteroidal antiandrogen, 250 mg daily, hepatotoxicity conerns, CI in liver dz/pregnancy)

Cyproterone: Antiandrogen often used in combo with OCs.

Topical Minoxidil for alopecia

Insulin Resistance: metformin, pioglitazone

Menstrual Irregularities/endometrial hyperplasia/OCs

See chart Table 1 on page 183 of chapter.

Question 18

Prolactinoma What is it? Causes?

Answer 18

Pituitary tumor, that secretes excessive amounts of prolactin, most common type of pituitary tumor

Prolactin levels >30 ng/ml
Normal 15-25 ng/dml

Causes:
Levels > 200 ng/ml are usually associated with a tumor.

Modest prolactin elevation 30-100 ng/ml
Pregnancy
Stress
Hypothyroidism
Kidney failure
Liver faitlure
Medications
"Stalk effect" any dz within or near the pituitary that interferes with delivery of dopamine from hypothalamus to prolactin secreting cells. No longer under chronic inhibition.

Question 19

Drug Induced Hyperprolactenemia Causes

Answer 19

Dopamine antagonists: (phenothiazine, TCS, metoclopramine) SSRIs, estrogen-progesterone, Methyldopa, Verapamil, Gondadotropin-releasing hormone analogs.

Question 20

Clinical Presentation of Prolactinomas

Answer 20

Women: Reproductive age, irregular periods, infertility, galactorrhea, reduction in sex drive, vision loss/ha, osteoporosis.

Men: 50-60’s, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, loss of body hair. Vision loss/ha, osteoporosis.

Question 21

Treatment of Prolactinomas

Answer 21

Transsphenoidal surgery
Radiotherapy

Drug Therapy: TOC D2 receptor agonists, stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus.

1. Bromocritine Dose start at 1.25 mg once daily or BId and increase weekly up to 15 mg/day (preferred for fertility),
2. Cabergoline 0.25 mg Bid, maximal dose of 1 mg BID. Drug interactions with 3A4 inhibitors, less nausea.

Question 22

Growth Hormone Excess-Acromegaly, Causes/CP

Answer 22

Causes: pituitary adenoma, rarely cuased by tumors of the pancrease, lung, ovary, or breast.

CP:
Enlarged hands and feet
excessive sweating
coarse facial features
several skin tags
deepened voice
osteoarthritis
sleep apnea
increased risk of DM, colonic polyps, colon CA, CAD

Question 23

Growth Hormone Excess-Acromegaly Dx

Answer 23

Elevated serum GH level in the fasting state and after an OGTT
Elevated IGF-1 (somatomedia C) ideal screening test
MRI with special cuts of pituitary

Question 24

Growth Hormone Excess-Acromegaly- Treatment

Answer 24

Transsphenoidal sugary (TOC)
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Drug Therapy (when surgery has failed or is contraindicated)
Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline) relative lack of efficacy

Octreotide and ocreotide LAR (Sandostatin)
Lanreotide
Pegvisomant

Question 25

Octreotide

Answer 25

MOA: Bind to somatostatin receptors and cause directo inhibition of GH secretion. Long term use can cause some soft tissue manifestations of disease Reduces tumor size Dosing 50-100 mcg sub-q every 8-12 hours. LAR version, 20mg IM every 4 weeks. Dose to GH levels less than 1 ng/ml, and IGF-1 levels less than 2 units/ml ``` ADRs Diarrhea Nausea GI cramps Fever Dizziness Hyper- and hypoglycemia Cholelithiasis Hypothyroidism ``` Drug Interactions: Cyclosporin, B-blockers, CCBs Efficacy 95% symptom relief, 2/3 of patients will normalize IGF-1 levels.

Question 26

Lanreotide SR and Lanreotide Autogel) Somatuline Depot)

Answer 26

Synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin Slow real ease: start with 60 mg IM every 2 weeks and titrate Depot 90 mg sub-q every 4 weeks for 3 months, then adjust dose on the basis of GH and IGF-1 levels.

Question 27

Pegvisomant (Somavert)

Answer 27

Consider in patients with high IGF-1 levels unresponsive to somatostatin analog therapy. MOA: GH-receptor antagonists; blocks the binding of endogenous GH leading to decreased IGF-1 levels. used in patients resistant or intolerant to ocreotide No associated with reduction in tumor size. Dosing: 40 mg sub-Q loading, then 10mg Sub-Q daily. Increase by 5 mg increments at 4-6 week intervals on basis of IGF-1 levels. maximal dose 30mg/day. ADRs HA, Diarrhea, Nausea, Increase in LFTS, Hyperglycemia, Flulike Sx 95% of patients with sx relief, 95% with normalized IGF-1, use may be associated with increase in tumor size.

Question 28

GH Deficiency Causes/CP/DX

Answer 28

Causes: Congenital & Pituitary injury (tumor, surgery, radiation therapy, trauma, infection) CP Delayed growth of child, height of 2 STD or more below age, central obesity lethargy and fatigue, decreased strength. Dx Rule out other causes of growth delay (malnutrition, HoTR), low GH levels despite insulin challenge or arginine challenge.

Question 29

Treatment of GH Deficiency

Answer 29

Recombinant GH (somatropin- Genotropin , Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Omnitrope, Sizen, Serostim, Tev-Tropin) Administer in the evening ``` ADRs Fluid retention Carpel tunnel Arthralgias Myalgies ``` ``` Montior Growth curve LFTs, glucose IGF-1 levles, Funduscopic exams Height ```

Question 30

Obesity Definition

Answer 30

BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater Overweight is BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 Waist circumference may be a better way to measure risk for obestiy related health proems, men >40 inches, women over 35 inches

Question 31

Obesity Treatment- Diethlpropion

Answer 31

Brand- Tenuate MOA; Sympathomimetic increases norepi and dopamine Efficacy short term 3-4 kg weight loss, 25 mg TID with meals or 75 mg controlled release in the morning. ADRs Dry mouth, constipation, insomnia, asthenia CI: MAO-I use w/i 14 days, Pulmonary HTN, HTR, CAD, Gluacoma, Hx of substance abuse High abuse potential. FDA schedule IV.

Question 32

Obesity Treatment- Phentermine

Answer 32

Brand: Adipex P MOA: Sympathomimetic; suppresses appetite Short term efficacy 3-4 kg weight loss. Dose 15-37.5 mg TID before meals ADRs Palpitations, tachycarida, HTN, Dry mouth, Constipation, Insomnia, Asthenia, Pulmonary HTN and Valvular Heart dz CI: MAO-I use in the last 14 days, Hx of heart failure, CV dz, arrhythmia, stroke, or glaucoma Not evaluated in children less than 16 High Abuse potential, only allowed for 12 weeks, then must be off for 6 months. FDA schedule IV.

Question 33

Obesity Treatment: Orlistat

Answer 33

Brand names, Xenical, Alli Only drug approved for long term use MOA: gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor, reduces absoprtion of dietary fat (around 30%) Dose over 60 mg (OTC) or 120 mg (Rx) TID with meals containing fat. ADRs GI adverse effects caused by malaborption of fat (oily spotting, flatus with dischrage, fecal urgency, fecal incontinence- but no diarrhea), bloating, cramping. CI: Chronic malabsoprtion syndrome Cholestatis Safety not established in pregnant or lactating women (I don't' know why someone would use this during pregnancy and I would say unsafe...baby needs fat for brain development!) Drug-Interactions Fat-soluble vitamins Cyclosporine Warfarin Must take MVI with ADEK 2 hours before, 30-40 % discontinuation rate.

Question 34

Obesity Treatment- Phentermine/Topiramate

Answer 34

Qsymia-Brand name Initial Dose: Phentermine 3.75 mg/topiramate 23 mg once daily for 14 days, then dose gets doubled for 12 weeks. Same CI as Phentermine alone. ADRs Renal caclus with topiramate. C-IV

Question 35

Obesity Treatment- Surgical Intervention

Answer 35

Gastric Bypass: 30-40 Kg weight loss maintained for 10 years, decreased morbidity and mortality, serous nutritional deficiencies associated iron, B12, folate, calcium Laparoscopic adjustable Gastric Banding: 20-30 Kg weight loss maintained for 5 years, decreased morbidity and mortality Liposuction: No long term reduction in weight, no significant improvements in metabolic or cardiac risk factors, not recommended for weight loss.

Question 36

The 5 S's of adrenal crisis managment are....

Answer 36

1. Salt 2. Sugar 3. Steriods 4. Suppot 5. Search (for underlying cause)

Question 37

Causes of Addison Dz

Answer 37

a. Primary: The adrenal gland (audoimmune, drug induced,) b. Secondary: Pituitary or hypothalamic problem (abrupt discontinuation of exogenous corticosteriod therapy, pituitary dz, drug-induced (medroyprogesterone, megestrol)

Question 38

Clinical Presentation of Addison Dz

Answer 38

Autoimmune cause seen in women 2-3 fold more often than men, primary dz most common in 20's-40's. ``` Weakness Fatigue Anorexia Nausea Salt craving (in primary dz loss of aldosterone production) Dizziness Hypotension/Hypovolemia Dehydration Weight Loss Decreased axillary/pubic hair Tan appearence ``` Physical Exam: Low BP, Orthostatis, Hyperpigmentation ``` Labs: Low plasma cortisol (less than 5 mcg/dl) Cosyntropin (cortrosyn) stimulation test Hyperkalemia (less than 50% of cases) Hyponatremia (80%) Hypoglycemia ```

Question 39

Glucocorticoid Preparations Equivelent Doses and Mineralocorticoid Activity

Answer 39

Cortisone Equivelent Dose 25mg- Mineralocorticoid Activity 2+ Hydrocortisone ED 20mg MCA 2+ prednisone ED 5mg, MCA 1+ Methylprednisolone ED 4 mg MCA 0 Dexamethasone 0.75 mg, MCA 0

Question 40

Adrenal Crisis Treatment

Answer 40

Hydrocortisone 100mg IV for 8 hours for 24 hours, then 50mg every 6-8 hours after hemodynamic stability, tapered to maintenance dose after 4-5 days. (Mineralocorticoid replacement need not be added in the acute setting as long as the total daily hydrocortisone dose is > 50mg ) Also give Normal Saline/5%dextrose: several liters (the Salt and Sugar of the 5 S's)

Question 41

Adrenal Crisis Maintaince Therapy

Answer 41

Hydrocortisone 20mg QAM, 10mg late afternoon Fludrocortisone 0.05-0.2 mg every morning On Sick days, double or triple their GC replacement dose.

Question 42

Cushing Syndrome Causes

Answer 42

Pituitary (65-75% of cases), Adrenal (15-20%) adrenal adenoma and carinoma, Ectopic, iatrogenic (most common) Clinical presentation: Central obesity with moon face, buffalo hump, ecchmoses, facila plethora, hypertension, glucose intolerance, myopathy with or without proixmal muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric symtpoms, back pain, oligo/amenorrhea, straie, hirsutisim, acne, funal infections, hypokalemia.

Question 43

Cusing Syndrome Diagnosis

Answer 43

24 hour free cortisol, 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test.

Question 44

Cusing Syndrome Treatment

Answer 44

Surgical in TOC if the tumor can be localized and no CIs. Irradiation of the pituitary 6-12 month lag time, high incidence of pan hypopituitarism (reserved for sergical failures) Drug InducedL Taper and DC GC as soon as possible. Medical (only used in patients with unlocalized of unresectable tumors, not surgical candidates, etc.)

Question 45

Cusing Treatment-Ketoconazole

Answer 45

400-1200 mg/day in divided doses, start at 200mg/day and increase by 200mg/day every 2-3 days. ADRs Nausea, Hepatotoxicity, Gynocomastia, Adrenal insufficiency

Question 46

Cusing Treatment-Metyrapone

Answer 46

Metyrapone steriodgenic inhibitors MOA: inhibits the final step in cortisol synthesis. Dose 1-4 grams/day divided every 6 hours. Must give GC replacement. ADR, N/V Anorexia, Dizziness, HA, Sedation, Hirsutisim and acne, Hypokalemia and HTN

Question 47

Cusing Treatment-Aminoglutethimide

Answer 47

Brand Name Cytadren MOA: Steroidogenic inhibitors, blocks the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, therby inhibiting the synthesis of all steriod-derived hormones. Dose: 500-2000 mg/day divided every 6-12 hours. GC replacement is required Often used with metyrapone in pituitary Cusing ADRs Anorexia, NV, lethargy, drowiness, dizziness, Hepatotoxicity, Rash

Question 48

Cusing Treatment- Mitotane

Answer 48

Brand- Lysodren Adrenolytic, inhibits 11B-hydroxylaste and adrenal cholesterl synthesis. Adrenolytic agent at higher doses cuasing adrenocortical atrophy. Dose 2-12 g/day didvided every 6 hours. Requires GC dose for life (50% permanent hypoadrenalism if treated. 6 months, consider hospitalization before initiatinon) ADR Anorexia, NVD, Lethary, somnolence, Rash, Hypercholesterolemia.

Question 49

Other Drug Treatment Cusing Syndrome Etomidate Spironolactone

Answer 49

Etomidate, anesthic parenteral use only , use limited to patients awaiting surgery Spironolactone, someones used to treat the HTN and hypokalemia in Cushing Syndrome.

Question 50

Hyperaldosteronism- Cause/Clinical Presentation/DX

Answer 50

Excessive production of aldosterone , primary from adrenal cortex, bilateral adrenal hyuperplasia and aldosterone-producing adenoma, and secondary bilateral adrenal hyperplaisa, aldosterone-producing adenoma, adrenal carcinoma, licorice ingestion, pseudohyperaldosteronism. ``` CP: Weakness Muscle cramping Paresthesias Headache Fluid retention Polyuria, polydipsia HTN Lab tests: Hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, metabolic alkalosis ``` DX Elevated plasma aldosterone-plasma renin activity ration >20, 24 hour urine for aldosterone more than 12 mg/day, CT scan adrenal venous sampling.

Question 51

Treatment Hyperaldosteronism

Answer 51

Surgical for Adenomas Drug Therapy 1. Spironoloactone (Aldactone) 25 -50 mg BID to start, max dose 400mg a day ADR Gynecomastia, Nausea, Impotenice, menstrual irregularities, Hyperkalemia. Epleronone (inspra) Specific aldosterone antagonist with low affinity for androgen and progestrone receptors. Dose 50mg/day may increase to BID. ADR Gynecomastia only 1% vs. 9% with Spironolactone and Hyperkalemia.

Question 52

Male Hypogonadism Causes/CP/DX

Answer 52

Causes- Primary Testicles, Secondary, Pituitary or hypothalamus or other CP:Decreased sexual desire, ED, loss of body hair, loss of energy/fatigue, depression, loss of muscle mass with increased body fat, osteoporosis. DX: Should only be sought in men with s/s then confirmed with low total T levels less than 300 ng/dl. Serum LH and FSH used to distinguish b/t primary and secondary causes.

Question 53

Male Hypogonadism Treatment- Oral Androgens

Answer 53

methyltestosterone, Fluoxymesterone (hepatotoxic) oral T replacement products should not be used.

Question 54

Male Hypogonadism Treatment- T esters

Answer 54

T enanthate (Delatestryl, T cypionate (depot T), Administred as a deep intramuscular injection, 200-400 mg eery 2-4 weeks, results in high peaks (fluid retention, polycytehmia) and low trough. (symptoms of T crash) 20% of patients are on this type of therapy. Inexpensive

Question 55

Male Hypogonadism scrotal patches

Answer 55

Good absorption and physiologic levels but require shaving of scrotal skin, apply daily. Testoderm 4 and 6 mg patches.

Question 56

Male Hypogonadism, non-scrotal patches

Answer 56

Physiological levels of T but skin irritation (about 1/3) and limited flexibility in dosing. Androderm (2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/day) once nightly new doses of 2mg and 4mg also available. Testoderm TTS 2.5 and 5 mg patches, can apply to arm, back or upper buttocks. Monitoring- measure T levels 3-12 hours after patch application.

Question 57

Buccal Testosterone

Answer 57

Mucoadhesive tablet that provides controlled release of T through buccal mucosa, avoids first pass metabolism, gum irritation , gum tenderness, bitter taste ADR. Dose 30 mg applied to the upper gum BID (Striant) Measure T level immediately before or after application.)

Question 58

Testosterone Gels

Answer 58

Patient Needs to allow to dry on skinb efore dressing, apply at least 2-6 hours before showering or swimming. most popular T-replacement products (70% of patient susing) Hydroalcoholic 1 % or 2% gel Physiologic levels of T Precautions need to be taken to prevent transference to partner and exposure to children. Dose 5-10 mg appplied once daily , preferably in the morning. AndroGel, packets or pump Testim 5 gram packets 30 ct box Fortesta, pump Measure T at least 2 hours after application after on treatment for a minimum of 14 days

Question 59

Testosterone implantable pellets

Answer 59

Each pellet containes 75 mg of crystalline T, releases slowly over months. 150-450 mg implated Sub-Q every 3-6 months (Testopel)

Question 60

Testosterone Solution

Answer 60

Hydroalcoholic 2% T soluation, physiologic levels of T, precautions to prevent tranference to partner (less likely than with gels) Applied once daily in the morning. 60mg Axiron comes in pump

Question 61

ADRs & CI for Testosterone Therapy

Answer 61

Edemia, Acne, Gynecomastia, Polycythemia, dyslipidemia, worsened sleep apnea, HTN, hair loss/balding, infertility, site reactiosn (injections) ``` CI: Hx of breast or prostate cancer Enlarged prostate or palpable nodule (PSA > 3 ng/ml) Severe untreated BPH Erthrocytosis (HCT more than 50%) Untreated obstructive sleep apnea) Severe unctronlled CHF (class III or IV) pregnancy and breastfeeding. ```

Question 62

Testosterone Monitoring

Answer 62

Baseline: Sx, BP, prostate examination, lab values F/U 1 and 3 months, symptoms lab values (free T, DHT, SHBG, estradiol levels, hematocrit, PSA 1 and 3 months then annually) LFTs and cholesterole annual, DXA after 1-2 years, PE: BP rectal exam, observe for acne, gynecomastia, hair loss, edema, local skin rxn