Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase2A > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the characteristics of water soluble hormones?

A

fast clearance

short half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the characteristics of lipid soluble hormones?

A

diffuse into cell
slow clearance
long half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are examples of water and lipid soluble hormones?

A

water- peptides, monoamines

lipid- steroids, thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which hormone switches off appetite?

A

leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which hormone switches on appetite?

A

Ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is obesity?

A

excessive accumulation of fat which may impact on health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is TSH produced?

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what effect does removal of the thyroid gland have on TSH levels?

A

raised TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what effect does an overactive thyroid gland have on TSH levels?

A

reduced TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

screening for which hormone can be used to check thyroid activity?

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is TRH produced?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are T3 and T4 hormones produced?

A

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what effect do T3 and T4 have on TRH production?

A

negative feedback

more T3/4 = reduced TRH production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what effect do T3/4 have on TSH production?

A

negative feedback

more T3/4 = reduced TRH production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

production of TSH is stimulated by which hormone?

A

TRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

production of T3/4 is stimulated by which hormone?

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is dopamine produced?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where is prolactin released from?

A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dopamine inhibits the release of which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pressure of the pituitary on the optic chiasm causes which classical presentation?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is cortisol produced?

A

adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is goitre?

A

enlarged thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the signs of graves disease?

A

goitre, weight loss, insomnia

pretibial myxoedema, thyroid eye disease, thyroid acropachy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what affect does graves disease have on the thyroid?

Study These Flashcards
A

excessive growth- hyperthyroidism

25
what effect does PTH have on bone?
causes increased bone resorption
26
what effect does PTH have on absorption of calcium?
increased absorption in small intestine
27
PTH regulated which ion?
Ca2+
28
when calcium in serum is low which hormone is stimulated to be released?
PTH
29
what is the cause of graves disease?
autoimmune IgG antibodies produced which mimic TSH by binding to receptors to stimulate T3/4 production. causing hyperplasia of follicular cells
30
how is graves disease diagnosed?
TSH levels low due to high T3/T4, TSHr antibodies high, ultrasound, radioactive thyroid uptake test
31
what are causes of hyperthyroidism?
graves disease (IgG antibodies), pituitary adenoma of thyrotrophs, toxic thyroid adenoma, amiodarone, iodine intake, thyroid medication
32
what are actions of T3/4?
INC METABOLISM, initiate transcription, CNS development, growth, inc gluconeogenesis, inc HR&CO, inc RR
33
what are the signs of hypothyroidism?
BRADYCARDIC bradycardia, reflexes relax slowly, ataxia, dry skin, yawning, cold hands, ascites, round puffy face, defeated low mood, immobile, congestive HF
34
what are the causes of hypothyroidism?
autoimmune (anti thyroid auto antibodies), hashimotos, iodine deficiency, DM1, surgery
35
what is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
thyroid replacement- oral levothyroxine
36
describe hypothalamus pituitary thyroid axis?
TRH from hypothalamus causes TSH release from pituitary gland (thyrotrophs) which causes T3/4 production in thyroid gland (both have neg feedback on TRH)
37
what is the difference between cushings syndrome and disease?
syndrome is any reason for high cortisol, disease refers to a pituitary tumour of corticotrophs
38
what are exogeneous causes of cushings syndrome?
iatrogenic (e.g. steroid use for RA)
39
what are endogeneous causes of cushings syndrome?
cushings disease(pit tumour), ectopic acth tumour, adrenal adenoma/carcinoma
40
what effects can a pituitary tumour have on hormones?
GH from somatotrophs- acromegaly TSH from thyrotrophs- hyperthyroidism ACTH from corticotrophs- cushings disease prolactinoma- prolactin from lactotrophs causes hyperprolactaemia
41
what effects does elevated cortisol have?
anxiety, depression, memory problems, cvd (hyperglycaemia), dampened immune system (infection), hypertension, central obesity, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, thin skin
42
how is cushings diagnosed?
random plasma cortisol, give oral dexamethasone then test cortisol (in healthy individual it has negative feedback on ACTH), MRI pituitary, CT adrenals, plasma ACTH
43
what does a low plasma ACTH in an individual who you suspect cushings in suggest?
adrenal tumour rather than pituitary tumour
44
what causes type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, therefore insulin deficiency
45
what are the three common symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
polyuria/nocturia polydipsia weight los
46
how does ketoacidosis occur in type 1 diabetic?
breakdown of fatty acids for energy due to lack of glucose in the cells (low insulin), which causes acetyl coA to be produced and therefore ketones increase
47
what are the 4 P's of type 2 diabetes?
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, paraesthesia
48
what tests define diabetes?
fasting glucose > 7mmol/L plasma glucose > 11.1mmol/L Haemoglobin A1c > 48mmol/mol
49
what effects does insulin have?
DEC BLOOD GLUCOSE: increases uptake of glucose into fat/muscle cells, deceases hepatic glucose output, decreases gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis/lipolysis
50
what effects does glycogen have?
INC BLOOD GLUCOSE: decrease uptake into fat/muscle cells, increases hepatic output, increases glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis/lypolysis
51
what are the macrovascular effects of diabetes?
cerebrovascular events, limb ischaemia, coronary heart diease
52
what are the microvascular effects of diabetes?
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
53
what are symptoms/signs of acromegaly?
excessive sweating, large hands/feet, headache, visual problems/ sleep apnoea/ large brow, jaw, nose insidious onset!
54
what is the name given to acromegaly in children and how does it differ?
giantism | before epiphyseal bone plates fuse in long bones
55
what are the treatments for acromegaly?
surgical removal, somatostatin analogues, GH antagonists
56
how is acromegaly diagnosed?
GH plasma test (not reliable due to pulsatile nature), IGF1 raised (production stimulated by GH), glucose tolerance test (glucose in blood has negative feedback on GH, inc bg and test GH), MRI for tumour
57
what is conns syndrome?
adrenal adenoma releasing aldosterone causing hyperaldosteronism
58
hows is conns syndrome diagnosed?
aldosterone renin ratio (low renin and high aldosterone), saline infusion and test aldosterone (not supressed in conns), CT/MRI tumour
59
treatment for conns syndrome?
laproscopic adrenalectomy

Phase2A (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions